Study ID	Methods	Participants	Interventions	Outcomes	Allocation conc.	Outcome	No. of cases	Med. intake low. qu.	Med. intake hig. qu.
Pereira 2002	Cross‐over nonblinded RCT; 2 feeding periods of 6 weeks, wash‐out period of 6 ‐ 9 weeks; randomisation done but method unclear	6 men, 6 women; age: 21 ‐ 65 y exclusion criteria: ‐ Body Mass Index > 26 and < 36 ‐ Body weight fluctuation over the past 6 mo of > 10 % ‐ Smoking cigarettes ‐ Consuming > 2 alcoholic beverages/d ‐ Having diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease and other chronic clinical conditions ‐ Taking medications that would affect glucose, insulin, lipids or blood pressure ‐ Engaging in a high level of physical activity ‐ Following a special diet ‐ Allergic to any foods ‐ Planning to change dietary habits, increase physical activity, change body weight, move out of town or take a lengthy vacation during the time of the study ‐ Fasting blood glucose > 6.0 mmol/L ‐ Fasting insulin < 90 pmol/L	Refined grain foods versus whole grain foods at breakfast, lunch and dinner; food provided	Body weight, satiety, self‐reported physical activity, fasting insulin, postprandial insulin, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, side effects	Unclear	T2 DM	915	Cereal fibre: 2 g/d	Cereal fibre: 8 g/d
						T2 DM	523	Cereal fibre: 3 g/d	Cereal fibre: 10 g/d
	Footnotes conc: concealment					T2 DM	1879	Whole grain: 0 servings/day	Whole grain: 3 servings/day
Meyer 2000	United States	35 988 women	1986 ‐ 1992 6 years	55 ‐ 69 y	127‐item FFQ	T2 DM	1141	Cereal fibre: 3 g/d Whole grain: 1 serving/week	Cereal fibre: 9 g/d Whole grain: 21 servings/week
Fung 2002	United States	42 898 men	1986 ‐ 1998 12 years	40 ‐ 75 y	131‐item FFQ	T2 DM	1197	Whole grain: 0 servings/day	Whole grain: 3 servings/day
Montonen 2003	Finland	4 316: 2 286 men 2 030 women	1966 ‐ 1972 6 years	40 ‐ 69 y	dietary history interview with 100‐item FFQ	T2 DM	156	Cereal fibre: 1 ‐ 12 g/d Whole grain: 0 ‐ 109 g/d	Cereal fibre: 25 ‐ 111 g/d Whole grain: 238 ‐ 1321 g/d
Schulze 2004	United States	91 249 women	1991 ‐ 1999 8 years	24 ‐ 44 y	133‐item FFQ	T2 DM	741	Cereal fibre: 3 g/d	Cereal fibre: 8 g/d
Stevens 2002	United States	12 251 9 529 whites 2 722 African‐American	1987 ‐ 1998 11 years	45 ‐ 65 y	66‐item FFQ interviewer administered	DM	1447	Cereal fibre 2 g/d	Cereal fibre 7 g/d
Liu 2003	United States	74 091 women	1984‐1996 12 years	38 ‐ 63 y	126‐item FFQ	Obesity, body weight change	6400 obese 657 major weight gain	change in whole grain intake ‐ 1 serving/1000 kcal/day	change in whole grain intake 1 serving/1000 kcal/day
Koh‐Banerjee 2004	United States	27 082 men	1986‐1994 8 years	40 ‐ 75 y	131‐item FFQ	Body weight change		Change in whole grain intake, definition Jacobs et al. 1998 ‐ 11 g/d change in whole grain intake, def. FDA ‐ 17.8 g/d change in cereal fibre intake ‐ 2.2 g/d	Change in whole grain intake, definition Jacobs et al. 1998 27 g/d change in whole grain intake, def. FDA 15.6 g/d change in cereal fibre intake 5.1 g/d
van Dam 2006	United States	41 186 African‐ American women	1995 ‐ 2003 8 years	21 ‐ 69 y	68‐item FFQ	T2 DM	1964	Whole grains; 0 servings/day	Whole grains: 1 servings/day
Footnotes FFQ: food frequency questionaire T2 DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus	ass: assessment	med: median	low: lowest	high: highest	qu: quartile/quintile