Table 2.
Selected phenolic compounds detected in Salicornia spp. reviewed for their H1N1 inhibitory properties. Data are presented as mean values and standard deviations measured by triplicates.
| Compound | H1N1 Inhibition Target | Inhibition Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeic acid | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 81.6 ± 8.3 µM | [101] |
| A/Osaka/2024/09 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 98.8 µM | [101] | |
| A/Osaka/71/11 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 97.1 µM | [101] | |
| Ferulic acid | NA | Docking energy: −7.1 kcal/mol | [84] |
| A/Malaysia/Muar/33/09 NA (H1N1) inhibition (NAI) in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 140 µM | [84] | |
| EC50 of A/Malaysia/Muar/33/09 (H1N1) in infected MDCK cells | EC50 inhibition: 1.32 ± 0.08 µM | [84] | |
| Chlorogenic acid | EC50 of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in infected MDCK cells | EC50 inhibition: 44.87 µM | [99] |
| NAI by fluorescence-based in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 22.13 ± 1.07 µM | [99] | |
| Apigenin | EC50 of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in infected MDCK cells | EC50 inhibition: 56.7 ± 11.1 µM | [102] |
| EC50 of A/Toyama/129/11 (H1N1) in infected MDCK cells | EC50 inhibition: 65.9 ± 32.2 µM | [102] | |
| EC50 of A/Toyama/26/11 (H1N1) in infected MDCK cells | EC50 inhibition: 30.0 ± 17.4 µM | [102] | |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) NAI in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 31.6 ± 0.9 µM | [65] | |
| Kaempferol | NA | Docking energy: −6.8 kcal/mol | [103] |
| NAI by RT-PCR in vitro assay | Significant inhibition at 50 µM | [100] | |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) NAI in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 58.6 ± 0.6 µM | [65] | |
| Quercetin | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 274.6 ± 3.3 µM | [101] |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) plaque formation inhibition in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 1.40 µM | [104] | |
| NAI by RT-PCR in vitro assay | Significant inhibition at 50 µM | [100] | |
| NA | Docking energy: −6.8 kcal/mol | [103] | |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) NAI in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 58.4 ± 3.8 µM | [65] | |
| Isorhamnetin | HI by RT-PCR in vitro assay | Significant inhibition at 50 µM | [100] |
| NAI by RT-PCR in vitro assay | Significant inhibition at 50 µM | [100] | |
| Myricetin | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) NAI in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 82.6 ± 8.9 µM | [65] |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) plaque formation inhibition in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 0.90 µM | [104] | |
| Isoquercitrin | HI RAW 264.7 cell line in vitro assay | Complete inhibition: 5 µM | [82] |
| NAI by fluorescence-based in vitro assay | IC50 inhibition: 37.1 ± 0.6 µM | [82] | |
| PB2 | Docking energy: −8.0 kcal/mol | [83] | |
| NA | Docking energy: −8.6 kcal/mol | [105] | |
| A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 10.6 ± 0.4 µM | [83] | |
| A/WS/33 (H1N1) infected MDCK | IC50 inhibition: 21.4 ± 2.4 µM | [83] | |
| Myricitrin | A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infected MDCK | 255.6% increase in cell viability at 224.0 µM | [106] |
MDCK: Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration, EC50: Half maximal effective concentration, HI: Hemagglutination inhibition, NA: Neuraminidase, NAI: Neuraminidase inhibition, RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, PB2: polymerase basic protein 2.