Table 4.

Selected phenolic compounds detected in Salicornia spp. reviewed for their HIV-inhibitory properties. Data are presented as mean values and standard deviations measured by triplicates.

Name	HIV-1 Inhibition Target	Inhibition Activity	Reference
Caffeic acid	IN assay in infected MT-2 cells	IC50 inhibition: >278 µM	[149]
	Syncytia formation in Molt-3 cells	93% inhibtion at 255 µM	[150]
	Matrix protein by immunofluorescence analysis	50% inhibtion at 255 µM	[150]
	Capsid protein by immunofluorescence analysis	57% inhibtion at 255 µM	[150]
	RT assay	32% inhibtion at 255 µM	[150]
Ferulic acid	No inhibitory effect	N/A	[151,152]
Chlorogenic acid	IN assay in infected MT-2 cells	IC50 inhibition: >142 µM	[149]
	RT by colorimetric enzyme immunoassay	IC50 inhibition: 374 µM	[153]
Apigenin	RT by PCR assay	IC50: >37.03 µM	[69]
	HIV-1 in infected OM-10.1 cells	IC50 inhibition: 12 µM	[148]
Kaempferol	IN integration	IC50 inhibition: 64.7 ± 18.1 µM	[146]
	IN cleavage	IC50 inhibition: 97.8 ± 9.2 µM	[146]
	RT by PCR assay	IC50 inhibition: >34.94 µM	[69]
	PR by fluorescence assay	62.7% inhibition at 174.7 µM	[154]
Quercetin	RT by ELOSA	IC50 inhibition: 60 µM	[135]
	PR by oligopeptide cleavage assay	IC50 inhibition: >100 µM	[135]
	α-glucosidase inhibition assay	IC50 inhibition: >100 µM	[135]
	IN integration	IC50 inhibition: 13.6 ± 3.4 µM	[146]
	IN cleavage	IC50 inhibition: 23.6 ± 6.6 µM	[146]
	RT by PCR assay	IC50 inhibition: <1.65 µM	[69]
	RT by PCR assay	100% inhibition at 6.62 µM	[69]
	RT by ELISA colorimetric enzyme immunoassay	43.41 ± 4.56% inhibition at 661.7 µM	[155]
Isorhamnetin	HIV-1 replication in H9 lymphocyte cells	EC50 inhibition: 6.6 µM	[154]
	RT by ELISA colorimetric enzyme immunoassay	56.99 ± 3.91% inhibition at 632.4 µM	[155]
Myricetin	IN integration	IC50 inhibition: 2.5 ± 1.0 µM	[146]
	IN cleavage	IC50 inhibition: 7.6 ± 0.6 µM	[146]
	RT by PCR assay	IC50 inhibition: <1.57 µM	[69]
	RT by PCR assay	100% inhibition at 6.29 µM	[69]
	HIV-1 Blood and lymphocytes infected TZM-bl cells	87% inhibition at 100 µM	[147]
	HIV-1 Blood and lymphocytes infected TZM-bl cells	IC50 inhibition: 20.43 µM	[147]
	HIV-1 in infected MT4 cells	EC50 inhibition: 230 µM	[156]
	RT assay	IC50 inhibition: 7.6 µM	[156]
	RT	Docking energy: −7.0 kcal/mol	[156]
Isoquercitrin	PR by fluorescence assay	64.4% inhibition at 107.7 µM	[154]
Myricitrin	PR by fluorescence assay	50.4% inhibition at 107.7 µM	[154]
	HIV-1 in infected MT4 cells	EC50 inhibition: 120 µM	[156]
	RT assay	IC50 inhibition: 10.6 µM	[156]
	RT	Docking energy: −5.0 kcal/mol	[156]

IC₅₀: Half maximal inhibitory concentration, EC₅₀: Half maximal effective concentration, IN: Integrase, RT: Reverse transcriptase, ELOSA: Enzyme-Linked Oligonucleotide Sorbent Assay, PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction, ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, PR: Protease.