Table 9.

Effect of experimental diets on the blood biochemistry of laying hens (43-week-old).

Items	Treatments					Significance, p-Value
	Con	GP3%	GP6%	GP9%	SEM	Con vs. GP	L	Q	C
Protein metabolites
TP, g/dL	3.96 b	4.18 b	4.78 a	4.91 a	0.108	<0.001	<0.001	0.57	0.04
Albumin, g/dL	2.09 c	2.32 b	2.79 a	2.83 a	0.046	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	0.002
Globulin, g/dL	1.87	1.86	1.99	2.08	0.118	0.27	0.08	0.57	0.64
Lipid profile
Cholesterol, mg/dL	158.16 a	149.25 ab	139.20 bc	129.24 c	4.752	0.002	<0.001	0.88	0.94
Triglycerides, mg/dL	80.26 a	72.94 a	61.21 b	58.24 b	3.216	<0.001	<0.001	0.37	0.23
HDL, mg/dL	26.50 c	33.84 bc	44.78 ab	47.14 a	3.520	0.001	<0.001	0.35	0.31
LDL, mg/dL	58.2 a	39.65 b	39.37 b	31.91 c	1.153	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Hepatic function
AST, mg/dL	26.80 a	24.75 b	22.57 bc	23.15 c	0.611	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	0.17
ALT, mg/dL	18.93 a	15.59 bc	16.64 ab	12.99 c	0.948	0.002	0.001	0.82	0.02
Antioxidant status
GPx, U/mL	3.68 c	3.84 b	4.85 a	4.82 a	0.066	<0.001	<0.001	0.10	<0.001
MDA, nmol/mL	39.46 a	37.65 b	32.68 c	30.16 d	0.774	<0.001	<0.001	0.54	0.05

^abc Means with different letters within each measurement varied at p < 0.05; SEM = Standard error of the mean. The dietary treatments were a control group (no GP) and experimental diets containing 30, 60, or 90 g GP/kg feed (GP_3%, GP_6%, and GP_9%, respectively).