Table 1.

Main ongoing trials exploiting smart biosensors and devices and MEMS in the different steps of lung cancer management.

Study Focus	Device/Sensor	Study Scope	Reference
Preclinical	Patients’ derived organoids based on 3D nanomatrices and 3D tumors Microfluidic device Microfluidic device	Evaluation of tumor functional vasculature Purification of circulating tumor cells Analysis of EGFR-mutated circulating tumor cells	NCT04826913 NCT04957602 NCT01193829
Diagnosis	MEMS e-nose MEMS e-nose Acoustic sensors array (e-stethoscope) Wireless palpatory Electrosensing antibody probing system	Mutation detection Analysis of cancerogenic VOCs after surgery for cancer Mapping chest sound propagation Detection of subpleural tumors To improve costs and save time for mutation detection	[9] NCT0803137 NCT03043898 NCT03521615 NCT01359436
Disease Monitoring	Mobile sensor technology MEMS mixed approach	To help in assessing symptoms, response to therapy and quality of life Adherence to therapy and persistence in relation to clinical outcome	NCT04465214 NCT 04347161
Treatment	MEMS magnetic field sensor-based Artificial intelligence/Machine learning	Radiotherapy: more accurate breathing signal graph with lower measurement error and higher spatial resolution than conventional Prediction of efficacy of immunotherapy	[10] NCT05537922