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. 2023 Jul 9;15(7):1913. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071913

Figure 6.

Figure 6

AC stimulated bone regeneration in different bone defect models. (A). AC induced bone formation and promoted tooth socket healing in a rat model. Compared with the control group, an increase in the thickness and density of the bone matrix of bone trabeculae were observed in the AC group (a). AC increased bone mineral density in tooth socket *,# Compared with the untreated socket; p < 0.05, n = 7 (b) [88]. (B). AC promoted calvarial defect healing. AC increased bone volume. * Compared with the blood clot control group, p < 0.05 (a,b). AC stimulated osteoblast maturation. A1: 1 mg AC; A2: AC 2 mg AC; A4: 4 mg AC; and A8: 8 mg AC; Black arrow: defect border; OB: old bone, NB: new bone, FT: fibrous tissue (c) [35]. (C). AC stimulated the regeneration of alveolar bone and periodontal tissue. AC had biocompatibility with periodontal ligament cells (a) and induced more new bone and cementum formation than the control group. NB: new bone; PB: pre-existing bone; black arrowhead: new cementum; white arrowhead: pre-existing cementum; white arrow: the apical limit of the defect (b) [38].