Table 4.
Results for CQA in different genotoxicity and mutagenicity test systems (from summary of [179] with reference to the original literature and with the inclusion of further studies).
| Test System | Strains | Metabolic Activation with S9 Mix |
Dose of CQA | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isolated λ DNA | - | - | 250 µM (89 µg/mL) |
positive | [179] |
| isolated plasmid DNA (pBR322) |
- | - | 100 µM (35 µg/mL) |
positive (in the presence of NO-releasing compounds) |
[180] |
| phage DNA (øX174 RF I) |
- | - | n.p. | positive (in the presence of Cu2+) |
[181] |
| S. typhimurium assay | TA98 | +/− | 0.17 or 1.7 µmol/plate (58.8 or 588 µg/plate) |
negative | [182] |
| S. typhimurium assay | TA98 | + | 1, 3, 6 or 9 mg/mL (3, 9, 20 or 30 mM) |
negative | [183] |
| S. typhimurium assay | TA98, TA100 |
+/− | 19 or 28 mg/plate (53 or 79 µmol/plate) |
positive (in the presence of Mn2+); negative (in the presence and absence of S9 mix and in the presence of Cu2+ only) |
[184] |
| S. typhimurium assay | TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 |
+/− | 0.33–10 mg/plate (0.94–28 µmol/plate) |
negative | [185] |
| S. typhimurium assay | BA13 | - | 0.3–28 µmol/plate (0.1–9.9 mg/plate) |
weakly positive | [186] |
| S. cerevisiae assay | D7 | +/− | 20, 40 or 80 mg/mL (56, 110 or 230 mM) |
positive (w/o S9 mix); negative (w/S9 mix) |
[184] |
| S. cerevisiae assay | D7 | - | 1 mg/mL (3 mM) | positive | [187] |
| Chinese hamster V79-6 cells |
- | - | 500 nmol/mL (177 µg/mL) |
negative | [188] |
| Chinese hamster V79 cells |
- | - | 0.07 mg/mL | positive | [189] |
| Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells | - | +/− | 6.5–10 mg/mL (18.5–28 mM) |
positive (w/S9 mix); negative (w/o S9 mix) |
[185] |
| CHO cells (chromosomal aberration test) | - | +/− | 10–40 µg/mL (29–110 µM) |
positive (w/o S9 mix, but in the presence of Mn2+ and Cu2+); negative (w/S9 mix) |
[184] |
| CHO cells (chromosomal aberration test) | - | +/− | 125, 150 or 250 µg/mL (353, 420 or 706 µM) |
positive (w/o S9 mix); negative (w/S9 mix) |
[190] |
| HL-60 or Jurkat cells | - | n.a. | 1–100 µM | negative | [191] |
| Micronucleus test in bone marrow (rats) | - | n.a. | 150 mg/kg (420 µmol/kg, p.o., 24 h) | negative | [192] |
| Micronucleus test in bone marrow (mice) | - | n.a. | 100 mg/kg (i.p.) | negative | [193] |
Abbreviations: n.p. = not provided; n.a. = not applicable; w/ = with or “+”; w/o = without or “−”.