. 2023 Jul 14;15(14):3138. doi: 10.3390/nu15143138

Table 3.

Changes in endothelial function biomarkers after black garlic consumption (mean and standard deviation).

Biomarker	Group	Baseline	Final	Inter-Group p-Value Baseline	Intra-Group p-Value Time	Inter-Group p-Value Final
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	Hypercholesterolemia	875.4 ± 224.5	753.9 ± 240	0.120	0.007 *	0.225
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	Healthy	779.1 ± 255.1	722.8 ± 242.2	0.120	0.015 *	0.225
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	Hypercholesterolemia	1157.3 ± 217	1012.9 ± 202.9	0.655	<0.001 *	0.433
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	Healthy	1124.4 ± 344.8	1041 ± 301.5	0.655	0.061	0.433
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	Hypercholesterolemia	370.2 ± 53.2	330.9 ± 53	0.034	<0.001 *	0.038 ^#
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	Healthy	403.7 ± 67.9	340.2 ± 51.3	0.034	<0.001 *	0.038 ^#
P-Selectin (ng/mL)	Hypercholesterolemia	161.9 ± 29.9	174.8 ± 31.9	0.244	0.002 *	0.345
P-Selectin (ng/mL)	Healthy	152.6 ± 32.5	179.1 ± 39.2	0.244	<0.001 *	0.345
E-Selectin (ng/mL)	Hypercholesterolemia	52.9 ±16.8	57.1± 16.7	0.146	0.012 *	0.014 ^#
E-Selectin (ng/mL)	Healthy	59.5 ± 17.5	67.8 ± 18.7	0.146	0.002 *	0.014 ^#
Nitric Oxide (µmol/L)	Hypercholesterolemia	4.7 ± 3.3	5.8 ± 5.4	0.470	0.297	0.839
Nitric Oxide (µmol/L)	Healthy	3.9 ± 3.2	4.7 ± 3.8	0.470	0.360	0.839

* Significant intra-group differences during the intervention (p < 0.05). ^# Significant differences between groups at the end of the intervention (p < 0.05).