. 2023 Jul 18;15(14):3179. doi: 10.3390/nu15143179

Table 3.

Overall meta-analytic calculations of the bidirectional relations between sleep and physical health status indicators.

Overall Effect	k	ES [95% CI]	Q	I²	Egger’s Test	Overall Effect	k	ES [95% CI]	Q	I²	Egger’s Test
Between Sleep T1 → Physical Health Variables T2 ¹	k	ES [95% CI]	Q	I²	Egger’s Test	Between Physical Health Variables T1 → Sleep T2 ²	k	ES [95% CI]	Q	I²	Egger’s Test
Sleep T1 → Anthropometric indices T2 ^a	15	r = −0.06 ***	57.08 **	75.47	−2.40 *	Anthropometric indices T1 à Sleep T2	7	r = −0.01	4.35	0	−1.56
Sleep T1 → Anthropometric indices T2 ^a	15	[−0.09, −0.03]	57.08 **	75.47	−2.40 *	Anthropometric indices T1 à Sleep T2	7	[−0.03, −0.00]	4.35	0	−1.56
Poor sleep T1 → Risk of obesity T2 ^b	6	OR = 1.30 **	8.85	43.51	−2.06
Poor sleep T1 → Risk of obesity T2 ^b	6	[1.08, 1.56]	8.85	43.51	−2.06

Notes. ¹ Cross-lagged effects between sleep measured at one time point (T1) and physical health status indicators measured at the last time point (T2) considered in the study. ² Cross-lagged effects between physical health status indicators measured at one time point (T1) and sleep measured at the last time point (T2) considered in the study. k = number of studies; ES = effect Size; Q = heterogeneity test; I² = heterogeneity estimate. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. ^a To compute the overall meta-analytic summary, the effect sizes of studies were recoded so that higher sleep quality, longer sleep duration, and lower levels of sleep disturbances at T1 were related to higher anthropometric measures (i.e., BMI, fat%) at T2. ^b To compute the overall meta-analytic summary, the effect sizes of studies were recoded so that shortest sleep duration and lowest sleep quality (compared to the normative sleep duration and the highest level of sleep quality) at T1 were related to higher risk for obesity at T2.