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. 2023 Jun 28;13(7):801. doi: 10.3390/metabo13070801

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Treatment-level Comparisons show Urine Flavanol Metabolites Increase β-cell Insulin Secretion during Low Glucose Condition. Low glucose (2.8 mM) insulin secretion results of INS-1 832/13 β-cells following 24-h culture with metabolites from rats fed the vehicle (white bars), catechin/epicatechin (C/EC) (light gray bars), or grape seed extract (GSE) (dark gray bars) and treated with (striped bars) or without antibiotics (Abx) (solid bars). Urine flavanol metabolites were diluted in media at 1% (A), 2.5% (B), 5% (C), 7.5% (D), and 10% (E) final concentrations. Values are reported relative to the control β-cells cultured with water (Supplemental Figure S2). Data represent the average of 3 β-cell culture triplicates for each animal (n = 4–5 animals). * Represent 2-way ANOVA with Šidák’s post hoc test results of flavanol effects, Abx effects, interaction effects, and significance compared to the vehicle control. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 or not significant (ns).