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. 2023 Jun 30;11(7):1181. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11071181

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome organization: Spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), nucleocaspid protein (N), and envelope protein (E). The genome includes open reading frames (ORFs), 16 non-structural proteins (nsp1–16) encoded by ORF1a and ORF1b, and the accessory proteins among the structural genes. S gene encodes NTD (N-terminal domain), RBD (receptor-binding domain), SD1 (subdomain 1), SD2 (subdomain 2), FL (fusion loop), HR1 (heptad repeat 1), HR2 (heptad repeat 2), and TM (transmembrane domain). Cleavage of the S1/S2 and S2′ site is shown (modified by [26]).