Table 1.
Clinical characteristics.
| All (n = 212) | Male (n = 89) | Female (n = 123) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58.96 ± 8.02 | 56.38 ± 9.02 | 60.78 ± 6.66 | <0.001 |
| Duration of DM | 7.07± 5.99 | 6.45 ± 5.51 | 7.52 ± 6.29 | NS |
| Body Composition | ||||
| Weight | 96.69 ± 1.18 | 103.17 ± 16.08 | 92.00 ± 16.58 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 34.07 ± 5.74 | 32.83 ± 4.87 | 34.96 ± 6.17 | 0.007 |
| VAI | 2.12 (1.86) | 2.2 (2.09) | 2.06 (1.81) | NS |
| A/G (%) Ratio | 1.23 ± 0.23 | 1.39 ± 0.29 | 1.12 ± 0.17 | <0.001 |
| Arm Fat Mass (kg) | 3.78 ± 1.33 | 3.09 ± 1.14 | 4.29 ± 1.22 | <0.001 |
| Leg Fat Mass (kg) | 10.63 ± 4.46 | 8.12 ± 3.08 | 12.46 ± 4.43 | <0.001 |
| Trunk Fat Mass (kg) | 21.56 ± 5.70 | 21.37 ± 6.18 | 21.7 ± 5.34 | NS |
| Android Fat Mass (kg) | 3.98 ± 1.20 | 4.02 ± 1.29 | 3.95 ± 1.14 | NS |
| Gynoid Fat Mass (kg) | 5.47 ± 1.85 | 4.57 ± 1.56 | 6.12 ± 1.77 | <0.001 |
| Total Fat Mass (kg) | 36.97 ± 10.53 | 33.51 ± 10.07 | 39.5 ± 10.16 | <0.001 |
| Total Fat (%) | 39.4 ± 8.1 | 33.0 ± 6.27 | 44.14 ± 5.66 | <0.001 |
| Additional Diagnoses | ||||
| Hypertension | 185 (87.3%) | 73 (82.0%) | 112 (91.1%) | 0.052 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 109 (51.4%) | 45 (50.6%) | 64 (52.0%) | NS |
| Systolic (mmHg) | 145.98 ± 17.81 | 145.63 ± 17.59 | 146.24 ± 18.03 | NS |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 88.66 ± 9.22 | 89.82 ± 9.20 | 87.82 ± 9.18 | NS |
| Laboratory Methods | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.88 ± 1.19 | 7.04 ± 1.38 | 6.77 ± 1.03 | NS |
| hsCRP (mg/mL) | 3.90 ± 5.14 | 3.61 ± 5.13 | 4.11 ± 5.15 | NS |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.48 ± 1.17 | 3.45 ± 1.19 | 3.50 ± 1.16 | NS |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 0.34 | 1.24 ± 0.32 | 1.45 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.14 ± 1.75 | 2.44 ± 2.24 | 1.92 ± 1.24 | 0.034 |
| Total C (mmol/L) | 5.58 ± 1.26 | 5.54 ± 1.25 | 5.61 ± 1.27 | NS |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.22 | 4.3 ± 1.22 | 4.15 ± 1.23 | NS |
| HMW Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 3.36 ± 2.50 | 2.49 ± 2.05 | 3.99 ± 2.62 | <0.001 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 19.59 (21.50) | 12.52 (12.62) | 28.72 (23.29) | <0.001 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 42.82 ± 18.21 | 39.76 ± 16.89 | 45.05 ± 18.88 | 0.034 |
| RBP-4 (µg/mL) | 72.09 (30.31) | 71.84 (34.24) | 72.3 (29.15) | NS |
| Visfatin (pg/mL) | 3.05 (0.38) | 3.85 (0.77) | 2.48 (0.28) | NS |
| Therapy | ||||
| Statins | 58 (27.4%) | 25 (28.1%) | 33 (26.8%) | NS |
| ACEI or ARB | 127 (59.9%) | 42 (47.2%) | 85 (69.1%) | 0.001 |
| β-Blockers | 80 (37.7%) | 25 (28.1%) | 55 (44.7%) | 0.014 |
| CCB | 52 (24.5%) | 17 (19.1%) | 35 (28.5%) | NS |
| Antiaggregant | 52 (24.5%) | 24 (27.0%) | 28 (22.8%) | NS |
| Metformin | 178 (84.0%) | 75 (84.3%) | 103 (83.7%) | NS |
| GLP-1 RA | 5 (2.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | 4 (3.3%) | NS |
| SLT-2I | 6 (2.8%) | 4 (4.5%) | 2 (1.6%) | NS |
| DPP-4I | 35 (16.5%) | 18 | 17 (13.8%) | NS |
| TZD | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | NS |
| SU | 62 (29.2%) | 29 (32.6%) | 33 (26.8%) | NS |
| Insulin | 20 (9.4%) | 12 (13.5%) | 8 (6.5%) | NS |
| Oral Antidiabetic Therapy | 185 (87.3%) | 78 (87.6%) | 107 (87.0%) | NS |
| Antihypertensive Therapy | 159 (75.0%) | 56 (62.9%) | 103 (83.7%) | <0.001 |
| None | 8 (3.8%) | 3 (3.4%) | 5 (4.1%) | NS |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 119 (56.1%) | 29 (32.6%) | 90 (73.2%) | <0.001 |
| Past | 52 (24.5%) | 40 (44.9%) | 12 (9.8%) | <0.001 |
| Current | 41 (19.3%) | 20 (22.5%) | 21 (17.1%) | NS |
| Physical Activity | ||||
| (MET-mins per week) | 4634.13 ± 270.44 | 5567.40 ± 452.73 | 3958.84 ± 319.60 | 0.003 |
| Subclinical Atherosclerosis | ||||
| IMT (mm) | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.047 |
| IMT ≥ 1.0 | 55 (25.9%) | 24 (27.0%) | 31 (25.2%) | NS |
| Presence of Plaque | 94 (44.3%) | 43 (48.3%) | 51 (41.5%) | NS |
| ABI | 1.09 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 1.07 ± 0.01 | 0.042 |
| ABI < 0.9 | 8 (3.8%) | 4 (4.5%) | 4 (3.3%) | NS |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median and IQR or n and %. Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; VAI, visceral adiposity index; A/G, android to gynoid ratio; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1C; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; Total C, total cholesterol; RBP-4, retinol-binding protein 4; HMW, high molecular weight; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SLGT2I, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; DPP4I, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinediones; SU, sulphonylureas; MET-mins, metabolic equivalent of task minutes; IMT, intima–media thickness; ABI, ankle–brachial index.