Table 1.
Characteristics of participants overall and by sex over three waves of data collection
| Overall N = 1563 Obs = 4402 n % | Girls N = 906 Obs = 2530 n % | Boys N = 657 Obs = 1872 n % | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) [range] | 15.29 (3.23) [10-24] | 15.78 (3.39) [10-24] | 14.63 (2.88) [10-23] | < .001 |
| Living with HIV | 3086 (70) | 1738 (69) | 1348 (72) | 0.743 |
| Rural location | 1132 (26) | 688 (27) | 444 (24) | 0.088 |
| Informal housing | 639 (15) | 412 (16) | 227 (12) | 0.003 |
| Maternal orphan | 1796 (41) | 983 (39) | 813 (43) | 0.511 |
| Paternal orphan | 1518 (34) | 836 (33) | 682 (36) | 0.053 |
| Household size, mean (SD) [range] | 6.39 (3.00) [1-19] | 6.51 (3.01) [1-19] | 6.22 (2.97) [1-19] | 0.022 |
| Structural factors | ||||
| Number of social grants, mean (SD) [range] | 3.16 (2.21) [0–10] | 3.23 (2.23) [0–10] | 3.07 (2.16) [0–10] | 0.833 |
| (Between SD) | (1.88) | (1.92) | (1.83) | |
| (Within SD) | (1.30) | (1.34) | (1.25) | |
| Positive caregiving, mean (SD) [range] | 18.93 (5.24) [0–24] | 18.95 (5.39) [0–24] | 18.89 (5.04) [0–24] | 0.778 |
| (Between SD) | (3.58) | (3.78) | (3.30) | |
| (Within SD) | (3.92) | (3.96) | (3.86) | |
| Caregiver supervision, mean (SD) [range] | 33.74 (7.79) [0–40] | 33.98 (7.70) [0–40] | 33.41 (7.89) [0–40] | 0.052 |
| (Between SD) | (5.63) | (5.77) | (5.43) | |
| (Within SD) | (5.53) | (5.29) | (5.85) | |
| Adolescent-caregiver communication, mean (SD) [range] | 7.24 (2.77) [0–20] | 7.21 (2.87) [0–20] | 7.28 (2.61) [0–20] | 0.220 |
| (Between SD) | (1.81) | (1.91) | (1.68) | |
| (Within SD) | (2.14) | (2.22) | (2.03) | |
| Education enrolment | 3817 (87) | 2040 (81) | 1767 (94) | < .001 |
| (Between %) | (93) | (90) | (99) | |
| (Within %) | (92) | (90) | (96) | |
| Days with enough food at home last week, mean (SD) [range] | 6.53 (1.07) [0–7] | 6.46 (1.14) [0–7] | 6.62 (0.97) [0–7] | < .001 |
| (Between SD) | (0.76) | (0.82) | (0.67) | |
| (Within SD) | (0.77) | (0.81) | (0.70) | |
| Sexual practices | ||||
| Sexual debut | 1516 (34) | 1035 (41) | 481 (26) | < .001 |
| Multiple sexual partnersb | 625 (14) | 346 (14) | 279 (15) | 0.481 |
| Transactional sexc | 224 (5) | 161 (6) | 63 (3) | < .001 |
| Age-disparate sexd | 238 (5) | 182 (7) | 56 (3) | < .001 |
| Condomless sexb | 758 (17) | 561 (22) | 197 (11) | < .001 |
| Sex on substancese | 202 (5) | 103 (4) | 99 (5) | 0.156 |
One thousand five hundred nineteen participants were first interviewed at wave one of data collection, and 44 participants were first interviewed at wave two of data collection
Abbreviations: Obs Observations, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, SD Standard deviation
aEstimated from univariable random effects regression to account for clustered nature of data
b42 observations missing data
c56 observations missing data
d120 observations missing data
e1563 observations missing data as sex on substances was only measured at waves two and three