Table 1.
Patient characteristics across advanced chronic liver disease stages
| Compensated ACLD (n = 110) |
Decompensated ACLD (n = 139) |
p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage 0 (n = 24) |
Stage 1–2 (n = 86) |
Stage 3 (n = 12) |
Stage 4 (n = 68) |
Stage 5 (n = 59) |
||
| Definition | HVPG 6–9 | CSPH | Bleeding | Non-bleeding decompensation | Further decompensation | |
| Age (years) | 53 (45–65) | 60 (53–69) | 60 (52–67) | 59 (50–66) | 58 (49–65) | 0.572 |
| Sex (M, %) | 19 (79) | 52 (61) | 10 (83) | 41 (60) | 41 (70) | 0.209 |
| Etiology (n, %) | < 0.001 | |||||
| ALD | 5 (21) | 21 (24) | 6 (50) | 44 (64) | 37(63) | |
| Viral | 6 (25) | 29 (34) | 2 (17) | 2 (3) | 8(14) | |
| ALD + Viral | 2 (8) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 5(9) | |
| NASH | 3 (13) | 18 (21) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 1(2) | |
| Cholestatic | 0 (0) | 5 (6) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) | 1(0) | |
| Other | 8 (33) | 10 (11) | 4 (33) | 12 (18) | 8 (14) | |
| HVPG (mmHg) | 7 (6–8) | 15 (12–19) | 17 (13–19) | 20 (15–22) | 20 (17–24) | < 0.001 |
| MELD Score (points) | 8 (7–11) | 10 (8–12) | 10 (9–12) | 12 (10–14) | 13 (10–16) | < 0.001 |
| HR (bpm) | 78 (73–83) | 75 (67–87) | 70 (63–75) | 80 (69–92) | 72 (66–89) | 0.152 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 109 (97–117) | 106 (97–113) | 106 (98–118) | 98 (87–109) | 97 (88–104) | < 0.001 |
| HR/MAP ratio | 0.75 (0.67–0.83) | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.66 (0.58–0.79) | 0.79 (0.70–0.91) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 0.021 |
| Detectable bacterial antigens (n, %) | 0.641 | |||||
| None | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (8) | 1 (2) | 5(9) | |
| 1 | 7 (29) | 23 (27) | 3 (25) | 15 (22) | 13(22) | |
| 2 | 12 (50) | 43 (50) | 6 (50) | 31 (46) | 27(46) | |
| 3 | 5 (21) | 18 (21) | 2 (17) | 21 (31) | 14 (24) | |
| LPS (EU/mL) | 0.96 (0.47–1.28) | 0.68 (0.31–1.03) | 0.43 (0.19–1.16) | 0.70 (0.31–1.15) | 0.57 (0.21–1.02) | 0.347 |
| LTA (pg/mL) | 36.8 (23.7–190) | 34.5 (21.0–76.8) | 39.8 (30.3–114) | 51.8 (26.1–109) | 48.3 (23.6–113) | 0.324 |
| BactDNA (n, %) | 8 (33) | 38 (44) | 2 (17) | 30 (44) | 23 (39) | 0.373 |
| WBC (G/L) | 5.53 (3.87–6.83) | 4.74 (3.31–6.02) | 3.12 (2.39–5.13) | 4.69 (3.29–5.94) | 3.99 (3.17–5.46) | 0.047 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.14 (0.06–0.29) | 0.20 (0.09–0.39) | 0.15 (0.09–0.26) | 0.36 (0.14–0.74) | 0.37 (0.15–0.75) | < 0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.25 (2.76–8.26) | 5.56 (3.43–8.74) | 5.48 (3.38–7.64) | 8.40 (5.26–12.6) | 10.8 (6.90–22.8) | < 0.001 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 13.2 (9.05–18.7) | 13.3 (9.95–18.0) | 14.0 (11.9–17.5) | 11.6 (8.98–15.5) | 11.4 (8.70–14.7) | 0.152 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 22.9 (14.2–34.2) | 19.9 (12.9–31.5) | 29.6 (6.79–32.5) | 16.0 (10.7–24.7) | 15.7 (8.10–25.4) | 0.080 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.04 (0.03–0.07) | 0.07 (0.05–0.11) | 0.05 (0.04–0.09) | 0.10 (0.05–0.15) | 0.11 (0.06–0.16) | < 0.001 |
| LBP (µg/mL) | 7.30 (5.73–9.53) | 6.55 (5.38–8.40) | 7.30 (5.52–9.35) | 6.96 (4.66–8.32) | 6.39 (4.92–8.33) | 0.559 |
| Copeptin (pmol/L) | 8.90 (4.66–20.7) | 5.73 (3.28–13.2) | 7.24 (4.36–10.8) | 9.20 (4.91–17.5) | 11.1 (5.17–16.7) | 0.073 |
| Renin (µIU/mL) | 17 (8.80–29.5) | 11.3 (4.88–33.3) | 10.0 (3.83–38.6) | 55.5 (15.2–177) | 115 (30.2–354) | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic prophylaxis (n, %) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 17 (29) | < 0.001 |
p-values < 0.05 are indicated in bold
ALD alcohol-related liver disease, bactDNA bacterial DNA, CRP C-reactive protein, HR heart rate, HVPG hepatic venous pressure gradient, IL-6/-10 interleukin-6/-10, LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein, M male sex, MAP mean arterial pressure, MELD Model of End Stage Liver Disease, NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, PCT procalcitonin, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, WBC white blood cell