Table 1.
Comparison of prevalence and colony-level parasite loads (Log10[n/100 ng RNA + 1]) of 18 microparasites in D: dying colonies (N = 57) and S: surviving colonies (N = 10)
| Parasite load | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasite taxon | Sample | Prevalence (%) | Mean | Min | Max | P |
| Acarapis woodi | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Crithidia/Lotmaria | D | 77.2 | 5.6 | 0 | 8.8 | 0.959 |
| S | 100 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 8.3 | ||
| Nosema apis | D | 8.8 | 0.5 | 0 | 9.4 | 0.188 |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nosema ceranae | D | 96.5 | 6.8 | 0 | 9.6 | 0.308 |
| S | 100 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 9.4 | ||
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Melissococcus plutonius | D | 5.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.858 |
| S | 10 | 0.3 | 0 | 3.2 | ||
| Paenibacillus larvae | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Viruses | ||||||
| Acute bee paralysis virus | D | 54.4 | 3.2 | 0 | 8.2 | 0.941 |
| S | 90 | 5 | 0 | 7.9 | ||
| Black queen cell virus | D | 94.7 | 5.2 | 0 | 8.3 | 0.517 |
| S | 100 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 6.1 | ||
| Chronic bee paralysis virus | D | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 2.7 | 0.338 |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Deformed wing virus A | D | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 4.3 | 0.338 |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Deformed wing virus B | D | 19.3 | 1.2 | 0 | 8.6 | 0.833 |
| S | 30 | 2 | 0 | 7.3 | ||
| Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Israeli acute paralysis virus | D | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 1.6 | 0.820 |
| S | 10 | 0.1 | 0 | 1.5 | ||
| Kashmir bee virus | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Lake Sinai virus | D | 86 | 4.8 | 0 | 7.3 | 0.764 |
| S | 90 | 5.4 | 0 | 7.1 | ||
| Sacbrood virus | D | 45.6 | 1.9 | 0 | 7 | 0.238 |
| S | 30 | 1.3 | 0 | 6.5 | ||
| Slow bee paralysis virus | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.992 |
| S | 10 | 0.2 | 0 | 1.8 | ||
| Varroa destructor macula-like virus | D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Column “P” gives the P values obtained from one-sided permutation tests of associations between parasite load and winter mortality