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. 2022 Nov 28;39(8):1289–1308. doi: 10.1007/s12264-022-00985-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Schematic representation of the biogenesis and metabolism of Aβ. (1) Canonical APP processing. APP inserted on the cellular membrane is cleaved by α-secretase in an amyloidogenic manner, and internalized APP is proteolyzed by β-secretase in subcellular compartments to produce Aβ; (2) Transporting. Aβ along with CTF is packaged into vesicles or is secreted into extracellular space, and Aβ can be transported intracellularly in both anterograde and retrograde directions; (3) Functioning at synapse. Aβ performs the function in the intra- and extra-cellular space, and the presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) mediates Aβ reuptake at the synaptic terminal; (4) Degrading. Aβ is transported by lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In cells, Aβ can be degraded by insulin-degrading enzymes and neprilysin or be bound by peripheral substances. Created with https://biorender.com/.