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. 2023 Jul 29;6:789. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05147-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Studies of human forebrain FXS astrocytes revealed reduced ABCA1 and fatty acid (FA) transporter FAT1P expression, which is associated with an increase in cholesterol/cholesteryl ester ratio in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM). The levels of IL-13 and IL-10 involved in the regulation of ABCA1 expression were reduced in ACM of human FXS astrocytes. Reduced ABCA1 protein in Fmr1 KO astrocytes was combined with increased cholesterol and desmosterol, while desmosterol was decreased in Fmr1 KO ACM, suggesting altered LXR/RXR signaling that contributed to the increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in FXS astrocytes. Changes observed in human FXS and mouse Fmr1 KO astrocytes are shown in red and blue, respectively.