. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mov Disord. 2023 Feb 27;38(4):551–557. doi: 10.1002/mds.29362

TABLE 2.

Proposed classification of bradykinesia and related motor abnormalities

Axis I. Phenomenology
• Type of movements	Voluntary (single and repetitive or continuous) vs. spontaneous and semi-automatic movement (eg, face expressions, walking)
• Major movement features	Bradykinesia (movement slowness), hypokinesia (reduced movement amplitude), sequence effect, hesitations/halts (only repetitive movements), akinesia, oligokinesia (only spontaneous movements)
• Body distribution	Limbs and/or body axis (face, voice, trunk)
• Associated clinical features	Isolated or combined with other neurological symptoms
Axis II. Etiology
• Parkinsonism	PD, PSP, MSA, CBS, DLB, and others
• Non-parkinsonian conditions	Hyperkinetic movement disorders and other neurological conditions
• Unknown etiology

Abbreviations: PD: Parkinson’s disease; PSP: progressive supranuclear palsy; MSA: multiple system atrophy; CBS: corticobasal syndrome; DLB: dementia Lewy body.