Fig. 3.

Regulatory mechanisms of tensile force, hydrostatic pressure, and shear stress on different cell types. Red arrows refer to stretching force, green arrows refer to shear stress, and black arrows refer to hydrostatic pressure. ADRB β adrenoceptors, ECM extracellular matrix, ERK extracellular signal-related kinase, MCP1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MCPIP1 MCP1-induced protein, MMP matrix metalloprotease, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, TGFβ transforming growth factor β, TNFα tumor necrosis factor α, VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1