Figure 2.

Summary of meta-analysis on objective sleep parameters in medication-naïve autism spectrum disorder.

Abbreviations: ASD = autism spectrum disorder, CI = confidence interval, ID = intellectual disability, NA = not available, N.total = the number of total participants, N.trial = the number of trials, REM = rapid eye movement, S1 = stage 1 sleep and S2 = stage 2 sleep. *Corrected effect size by the trim-and-fill method was presented. †Black rhombus indicated statistical significance, while white circle indicated non-significance.