Table 3.

Comparison of leaders’ self and staff ratings (n=84 leader-team pairs): main scales (in bold) and dimensions

	Practice leaders		Practice staff		Paired t-test
	M	SD	M	SD	t (df)	P value	d
Transformational leadership	3.9	0.5	3.6	0.6	3.721 (82)	<0.001	0.41
Innovation	4.2	0.6	3.8	0.6	6.359 (83)	<0.001	0.69
Team spirit	4.1	0.7	3.8	0.7	3.462 (82)	0.001	0.38
Performance development	3.6	0.8	3.7	0.6	−0.208 (83)	0.836	–
Individuality focus	3.9	0.7	3.5	0.6	4.633 (83)	<0.001	0.50
Providing a vision	3.5	0.9	3.3	0.8	1.592 (82)	0.115	–
Being a role model	4.1	0.6	3.8	0.6	2.833 (82)	0.006	0.31
Transactional leadership	3.4	0.6	3.3	0.5	1.291 (81)	0.200	–
Goal setting	3.5	0.7	3.2	0.6	2.681 (81)	0.009	0.30
Management by exception	3.3	0.8	3.4	0.6	−0.470 (82)	0.640	–
Negative leadership	1.5	0.4	1.6	0.4	−1.744 (82)	0.085	–
Laissez-faire	1.6	0.6	1.7	0.5	−1.563 (82)	0.122	–
Destructive	1.4	0.5	1.6	0.5	−1.514 (82)	0.134	–
Leader-member exchange	28.1	2.6	26.8	3.5	3.275 (79)	0.002	0.37