Table 2.

Description of the battery of instruments used for the neuropsychological evaluation of the participants with probable cognitive impairment*

Instrument	Description	Cognitive domains/function	Score
SMC54 55	A 10-item scale regarding subjective memory complaints.	Subjective memory.	Range: 0–21 Higher scores reflect maximal memory complaints.
Verbal Fluency Test56 57	Verbal fluency tests consist of four trials, one of semantic fluency and three of phonemic fluency, of 1 min each. The participants are asked to generate the name of as many species of animals as possible in the semantic fluency test, and as many words as possible beginning with a specific letter in the phonemic fluency test, within 1 min.	Non-motor processing speed, language production and executive functions	The total trial score corresponds to the number of words correctly produced within 1 min. The total test score corresponds to the sum of the three trials. Higher scores correspond to better performance.
TMT58 59	Part A: the participants are asked to draw lines to connect 25 randomly scattered numbered circles in ascending order. They should do so as quickly as possible. Part B: the participants are asked to draw lines to connect circles in numeric and alphabetic order, alternating between numbers and letters, progressively up to no 13. They should do so as quickly as possible.	Part A: attention; visual scanning; and speed of eye-hand coordination and information processing. Part B: working memory and executive functions; particularly, the ability to switch between sets of stimuli.	Direct measures of performance: time (seconds) to complete part A and part B and performance errors during part A and part B. Derived scores: difference score (B−A), ratio score (B/A), proportion score (B−A/A), sum score (A+B), and multiplication score (A×B/100). Lower raw scores and higher adjusted scores correspond to better performance.
WMS-III60 61	Scale composed of 17 subtests that assess different memory functions using verbal and visual stimuli. Useful in the evaluation of various clinical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Subtests used: Logical Memory I, II; Visual reproduction I, II; Digit Span.	Verbal and visual memories, working memory.	Range: Immediate recall and delayed recall: 0–50; Auditory recognition; digit span: 0–30; Visual reproduction: 0–104 Higher scores correspond to better performance.
WAIS-III62 63	Scale composed of 14 subtests that assess the verbal component and the perceptual-motor component of intelligence in adults and older adolescents. Subtests used: Digit-Symbol-Coding; Symbol Search; Information.	Attention/concentration, executive function (sequencing), motor function; processing speed.	The number of correct symbols within the allowed time (120 s) is measured.
Stroop Test64 65	The Stroop Test evaluates the interference effects between the two cerebral hemispheres. Consist in three trials: (1) word reading; (2) colours naming and (3) identifying the colours of words, without considering the meaning of the word.	Executive functions (inhibitory control), selective attention.	Scores for each trial indicate the number of correct responses. An interference score can be generated that quantifies the participant’s ability to inhibit the inappropriate response of reading the colour name as opposed to the colour of the ink used to print the colour name in the third trial.
Token Test- short form66	A test designed to assess the comprehension of commands that vary in degree of linguistic difficulty. The participant is presented with tokens of different geometric shapes, sizes and colours, and is required to perform certain acts with the tokens, such as point to tokens, touch them, pick them up, and place one token on top of another.	Attention and vigilance; verbal functions.	Range: 0–36
TeLPI67	Designed to assess premorbid intelligence, TeLPI is a Portuguese irregular word reading test. The participants are asked to read 46 irregular words, infrequent Portuguese words.	Premorbid IQ: full scale IQ, Verbal IQ, performance IQ	Range: number of errors (maximum of 46) and years of education are inserted in three linear equations to calculate the three types of IQ
BDI-II68 69	A 21-question measure assessing the presence of depressive symptoms experienced by the participant within the past week.	Emotional functioning.	Range: 0–63 A cut-off score indicative of mild depressive symptoms is greater than 10 and for severe depressive symptoms is greater than 30.
Barthel ADL Index70 71	An index to measure functional disability, focused on bodily oriented personal care.	Functional domains: feeding, incontinence, transferring, toileting, dressing, bathing.	Range: 0–100 Lower scores reflect increased disability.
IADL72 73	An eight-item scale used to assess independent living skills which include more complex activities (ie, ‘instrumental activities of daily living’) necessary for functioning in community settings.	Functional domains: using the telephone, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, laundry, transport, medication, finances.	Range: 0–8 Higher scores reflect high function, independence.

*Participants with a MoCA score below age- and education-specific values based on norms and the cut-off point of 1.5 SD below the mean.

Barthel ADL Index, Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory – Second Edition; IADL, instrumental ADL; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SDMT, Symbol and Digit Modalities Test; SMC, Subjective Memory Complains scale; TeLPI, Irregular Word Reading Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition; WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition.