. 2023 Jul 28;9(3):e003059. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003059

Table 4.

Studies reporting male sex as a risk factor

	Study type	N	Association with ILD	Adjusted for one or more baseline variables?	Grading
Juge et al¹⁵	Retrospective, multicentre cohort	1234	Male, p<0.0001	Age, country of origin	4
Klester et al²⁸	Prospective, single-centre cohort	167	Female, HR 0.17 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.53)	Age, smoking	4
Juge et al³⁵	Retrospective, multicentre cohort	253	Male, p=0.0006	Disease duration	3
Li et al²⁵	Retrospective, longitudinal, single-centre cohort	923	Male, OR 1.882 (95% CI 1.177 to 3.009) p=0.008	Age, smoking, RA duration and severity, ACPA, RF	2
Doyle et al³²	Prospective cohort, from two centres	189	Male, p<0.1	No	3
Furukawa et al³³	Prospective, single-centre cohort	450	Male, p<0.0001	No	2
Yin et a³⁷	Retrospective, single-centre cohort	285	p=0.44	No	2
Paulin et al³⁶	Prospective, single-centre cohort	118	Male, OR 3.94 (95% CI 1.2 to 12.91); p=0.023	Age, smoking, extra-articular manifestations, disease activity	2
Wang and Du²⁷	Retrospective, single-centre cohort	544	Male, OR=1.62 (95% CI 0.83 to 3.15); p=0.159	Age, steroid use, ACPA, RF, smoking, disease duration, HBsAg, Tripterygium wilfordii use	2
Yang et al²⁹	Retrospective, single-centre cohort	308	p=1.000	No	2
Giles et al³⁴	Retrospective, single-centre cohort	177	Male, p=0.092	No	1

Grading was performed using Oxford criteria as detailed in the methods.

ACPA, anticitrullinated protein antibodies; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; ILD, interstitial lung disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RF, rheumatoid factor.