. 2023 Jul 28;9(3):e003059. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003059

Table 7.

Studies reporting other risk factors

	Study type	n		Association with ILD	Adjusted for one or more baseline variables?	Grading
Kronzer et al³⁸	Prospective, single-centre cohort	317	BMI	BMI ≥30 OR 2.42 (95% CI 1.11 to 5.24)	Age, sex, race, ACPA, education, smoking	5
Giles et al³⁴	Retrospective, single-centre cohort	177	BMI	p=0.31	No	3
Sparks et al³⁹	Prospective, single-centre cohort	1419	Disease activity	Moderate-high DAS28 HR 2.22 (95% CI 1.28 to 3.82)	Age, sex, smoking, ACPA/RF	4
Paulin et al³⁶	Prospective, single-centre cohort	138	More extra-articular manifestations	OR 3.96 (95% CI 1.47 to 10.68); p=0.006	Age, smoking, disease activity	4
Doyle et al³²	Prospective cohort, from two centres	189	MMP7	OR 1.82 (95% CI 1.15 to 2.90); p=0.004 (BRASS cohort) OR 1.50 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.98) (ACR cohort)	Age, gender, smoking, RF, ACPA	5
Kronzer et al³⁸	Prospective, single-centre cohort	314	Education level lower than college	OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.95)	Age, sex, race, ACPA, BMI, smoking	3

Grading was performed using Oxford criteria as detailed in the methods.

ACPA, anticitrullinated peptide antibodies; BMI, body mass index; DAS, Disease Activity Score; ILD, interstitial lung disease; MMP7, matrix metalloproteinase 7; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RF, rheumatoid factor.