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. 2023 Jul 17;14:1231259. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1231259

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Copyright © 2023 Keidar, Peretz and Yaniv.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Push and pull mechanisms driven by Ca²⁺. (A) Oxygen consumption, (B) FADH₂ concentration, (C) intracellular ATP and (D) mitochondrial ATP in response to electrical stimulus at frequencies of 1, 2 and 3 Hz. The model was tested without push and pull mechanisms driven by Ca²⁺, with only a Ca²⁺ push mechanism and with both push and pull mechanisms driven by Ca²⁺.