Table 1.
Biochemical, histological, microtomography, and scintigraphic evaluation of taurine, aqueous garlic extract, and control groups. Each value is presented as mean ± SD (min-max) or median (range).
| Groups | Control (C) (n = 8) |
Taurine (n = 8) |
Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) (n = 8) |
p-Value | Pairwise comparisons *p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical evaluation | |||||
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 3.27 ± 0.27 (2.92–3.65) | 3.03 ± 1.00 (2.90–3.16) | 3.11 ± 0.24 (2.63–3.38) | 0.105 | - |
| ALP (U/L) | 181.13 ± 27.28 (141–212) | 148.75 ± 14.24 (127–173) | 163.88 ± 35.92 (109–214) | 0.083 | - |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 10.43 ± 0.48 (9.53–10.90) | 11.88 ± 0.54 (10.97–12.69) | 10.61 ± 0.40 (10.12–11.40) | <.001* | Ta-C (p < 0.001) Ta-AGE (p < 0.001) |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 6.89 ± 0.46 (6.24–7.66) | 7.37 ± 0.35 (6.77–7.85) | 7.14 ± 0.42 (6.48–7.81) | 0.096 | - |
| Histological evaluation | |||||
| New bone diameter (mm) | 0.24 (0.37) | 0.63 (0.39) | 0.43 (0.35) | 0.003*¥ | Ta-C (p = 0.002*) |
| New bone volume/Femur volume (%) | 0.21 ± 0.06 (0.11–0.29) | 0.35 ± 0.12 (0.20–0.54) | 0.23 ± 0.04 (0.18–0.28) | 0.004*Ϯ | Ta-C (p = 0.032*) |
| Microcomputed-tomographic Analysis | |||||
| Bone volume/Tissue volume (BV/TV) (%) | 0.46 ± 0.11 (0.28–0.58) | 0.67 ± 0.09 (0.49–0.82) | 0.59 ± 0.09 (0.44–0.70) | 0.001*Ϯ | Ta-C (p < 0.001) AGE-C (p = 0.03) |
| Trabecular thickness (TbTh) (mm) | 0.13 ± 0.05 (0.07–0.22) | 0.17 ± 0.02 (0.14–0.21) | 0.15 ± 0.03 (0.11–0.17) | 0.054Ϯ | - |
| Trabecular separation (TbSp) (mm) | 0.59 ± 0.05 (0.50–0.65) | 0.41 ± 0.04 (0.35–0.46) | 0.46 ± 0.05 (0.39–0.52) | <0.001*Ϯ | Ta-C (p < 0.001) AGE-C (p < 0.001) |
| Trabecular number (TbN) (mm−1) | 2.09 ± 0.44 (1.65–2.89) | 3.25 ± 0.35 (2.79–3.69) | 2.95 ± 0.89 (1.96–4.31) | 0.003*Ϯ | Ta-C (p<0.001) |
| Bone. surface density (BSD) (g/cm3) | 8.66 ± 0.92 (7.48–10.48) | 12.10 ± 0.58 (11.44–12.98) | 10.23 ± 2.26 (6.41–13.33) | <0.001*Ϯ | Ta-C (p < 0.001) AGE-C (p = 0.023) |
| Scintigraphic evaluation | |||||
| WB F/I Roi-Anterior |
2.14 ± 0.39 (1.62–2.82) | 2.93 ± 0.57 (2.15–3.75) | 2.67 ± 0.42 (1.97–3.19) | 0.008*Ϯ | Ta-C (p = 0.005) |
| WB F/I ROI-P | 2.04 (1.26) | 2.84 (2.62) | 2.72 (0.87) | 0.021*¥ | Ta-C (p = 0.023) |
| F/I Posterior Late-Static | 2.85 (1.91) | 2.84 (6.55) | 3.17 (1.47) | 0.430¥ | - |
| F/I Stripped Bone | 2.57 (1.44) | 2.85 (5.07) | 2.87 (5.22) | 0.391¥ | - |
Ϯ
One-way ANOVA,
¥
Kruskal-Wallis test,
*
p < 0.05.
In the column of paired comparisons, the values in which p values and group names are given, show statistically significant differences.
C: control, Ta: taurine, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, BV/TV: bone volume/total volume, WB F/I ROI-anterior: whole-body fracture/intact region of interest anterior.