Table 2.
Baseline-adjusted pairwise comparisons between CBM-pa group and control group at each time point (T1: post-intervention, T2: 1-month and T3: 3-month follow-up)
| Measure | Time | Mean difference | (95% CI) | z | p | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interpretation bias | ||||||
| Similarity Rating Task Target: bias | T1 | −0.24 | (−0.55 to 0.06) | −1.55 | 0.120 | – |
| T2 | −0.29 | (−0.61 to 0.02) | −1.82 | 0.069 | – | |
| T3 | −0.39 | (−0.70 to −0.08) | −2.43 | 0.014 | – | |
| Similarity Rating Task Foil: bias | T1 | −0.10 | (−0.30 to 0.11) | −0.96 | 0.339 | – |
| T2 | −0.11 | (−0.32 to 0.10) | −1.04 | 0.298 | – | |
| T3 | −0.09 | (−0.29 to 0.12) | −0.84 | 0.399 | – | |
| Scrambled Sentences Task: paranoid bias | T1 | −13.11 | (−27.99 to 1.77) | −1.73 | 0.084 | – |
| Scrambled Sentences Task: non-paranoid bias | T1 | 24.13 | (11.30–36.95) | 3.69 | 0.000 | – |
| Cognitive flexibility | T1 | 0.58 | (−6.50 to 7.67) | 0.16 | 0.872 | 1.2% |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||
| PANSS: item 6 | T1 | −0.11 | (−0.76 to 0.54) | −0.33 | 0.740 | −2.1% |
| T2 | −0.20 | (−0.86 to 0.45) | −0.60 | 0.547 | −3.9% | |
| T3 | −0.43 | (−1.08 to 0.22) | −1.31 | 0.191 | −8.4% | |
| Paranoia Scale | T1 | −4.03 | (−10.52 to 2.47) | −1.22 | 0.224 | −6.4% |
| T2 | −6.72 | (−13.29 to −0.15) | −2.01 | 0.045 | −10.7% | |
| T3 | −3.37 | (−9.80 to 3.06) | −1.03 | 0.304 | −5.4% | |
| Paranoid Thoughts Scale: total | T1 | −7.95 | (−22.80 to 6.89) | −1.05 | 0.294 | −8.9% |
| T2 | −9.02 | (−23.97 to 5.94) | −1.18 | 0.237 | −10.1% | |
| T3 | −3.04 | (−17.63 to 11.53) | −0.41 | 0.683 | −3.4% | |
| Peters Delusions Inventory | T1 | 0.60 | (−1.55 to 2.74) | 0.54 | 0.587 | 6.2% |
| T3 | −0.80 | (−3.11 to 1.52) | −0.68 | 0.500 | −8.3% | |
| HADS: total score | T1 | −2.03 | (−4.79 to 0.72) | −1.45 | 0.148 | −28.9% |
| T2 | −1.12 | (−3.91 to 1.66) | −0.79 | 0.429 | −16.0% | |
| T3 | −0.18 | (−2.96 to 2.60) | −0.13 | 0.900 | −2.5% | |
| Stress/distress | ||||||
| VRE pre–post change: sadness | T1 | −4.30 | (−15.30 to 6.70) | −0.77 | 0.443 | – |
| VRE pre–post change: paranoia | T1 | −1.77 | (−14.13 to 10.60) | −0.28 | 0.779 | – |
| VRE pre–post change: friendly | T1 | −0.04 | (−0.17 to 0.09) | −0.63 | 0.527 | – |
| VRE pre–post change: anxiety | T1 | 0.26 | (−13.87 to 14.39) | 0.04 | 0.971 | – |
| VRE SSPS | T1 | 0.06 | (−0.50 to 0.63) | 0.21 | 0.830 | – |
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SSPS, State Social Paranoia Scale; VRE, virtual reality environment.
A positive value of mean difference means that the participants of the CBM-pa group score higher than the participants of the control group. For clinical outcomes, the change of percentages from mean at baseline is provided.