Table 2.
Average change in Likert scores (post-pre) by undergraduate versus medical student status
| Module/learning objective | Undergraduate (n = 19) |
Medical student (n = 97) |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Introduction to research | |||
| Define research | 1.05 | 0.69 | 0.052 |
| Identify various types of research | 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.226 |
| Recognize the stages of clinical/translational research | 1.68 | 0.87 | 0.000 |
| Identify the steps of the scientific method | 1.32 | 0.60 | 0.000 |
| Aligning expectations | |||
| Identify my skills as a mentee/trainee | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.413 |
| Identify possible expectations of a mentee | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.618 |
| Identify possible expectations of a mentor | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.477 |
| Describe possible barriers to an effective mentor-mentee relationship | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.799 |
| Identifying a research mentor and a research project | |||
| Describe the characteristics of your ideal mentor | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.870 |
| List resources to identify an appropriate mentor and to develop a research project | 1.33 | 0.95 | 0.167 |
| Strategize possible solutions to common barriers to an effective mentor-mentee relationship | 1.06 | 0.72 | 0.100 |
| Understand how to write a clear and concise research project description | 1.65 | 0.79 | 0.001 |
| Introduction to human subjects research and protections | |||
| Understand the history of human subjects research | 1.35 | 0.86 | 0.036 |
| Define human subjects research | 1.24 | 0.74 | 0.018 |
| List the requirements for protecting human subjects in research | 1.44 | 1.01 | 0.085 |
| Submitting an Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol at UC | |||
| List resources for submitting an IRB protocol for review | 1.75 | 1.33 | 0.141 |
| List the components of an IRB submission | 1.63 | 1.26 | 0.186 |
| Understand common issues with IRB submissions and strategize possible solutions | 1.56 | 1.17 | 0.154 |
| List resources for the protection of human subjects, biosafety, and animal care and training on these topics | 1.69 | 1.35 | 0.204 |
| Conducting a literature search | |||
| Describe the use of PubMed for literature searches | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.000 |
| Describe the use of Google Scholar for literature searches | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.529 |
| List resources for conducting an effective literature search | 0.69 | 0.39 | 0.205 |
| Effective writing for publication | |||
| List the various types of publications | 1.40 | 0.77 | 0.016 |
| Describe the elements of a manuscript | 1.56 | 0.82 | 0.008 |
| Describe an effective abstract | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.266 |
| List resources for improving ones writing skills | 1.75 | 1.07 | 0.006 |
| Transparency, rigor, and reproducibility in research | |||
| Describe the need for transparency and its impact on the research process | 0.94 | 0.39 | 0.035 |
| Describe the need for rigor and reproducibility and their impact on the research process | 0.75 | 0.37 | 0.035 |
| Identify approaches to enhance the transparency, rigor, and reproducibility of your research project | 1.13 | 0.72 | 0.109 |
| Study design and data analysis basics | |||
| List different types of epidemiologic studies | 1.63 | 0.87 | 0.002 |
| Define key characteristics and limitations of cross-sectional studies | 1.75 | 0.67 | 0.002 |
| Define key characteristics and limitations of cohort studies | 1.63 | 0.71 | 0.000 |
| List resources for study design and data analysis | 1.56 | 0.95 | 0.012 |
| Presenting your summer research | |||
| Describe elements of an effective poster | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.726 |
| List venues for presenting research projects | 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.926 |
| Describe elements of an effective lab meeting presentation | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.864 |
| Evaluating the literature and presenting a journal club | |||
| Describe strategies for reading and critiquing a scientific article | 0.88 | 0.63 | 0.287 |
| Describe elements of an effective journal club | 1.31 | 0.85 | 0.086 |
| Race and racism in medicine | |||
| Understand race as a social construct | 0.56 | 0.26 | 0.165 |
| Understand historical examples of racism and bias that have impacted research and medicine | 0.85 | 0.29 | 0.006 |
| Appreciate the connection between systemic racism and social determinants of health | 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.046 |
*Pooled P values were used when the test for equality of variances (Folded F) was > 0.05. When the equality of variances test was < 0.05, the p value from the Satterthwaite method was reported. P values < 0.05 are highlighted in blue.