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. 2023 Jul 5;61:102064. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102064

Table 3.

Conditional logistic regression analysis of prior antibiotic exposure levels and COVID-19 outcomes.

Antibiotic quintile	Study 1: admitted to hospitals
	Case			Control			Crude model		Adjusted model^c
	Med (25th, 75th)^a	n^b	%	Med (25th, 75th)^a	n^b	%	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
No antibiotics	0 (0, 0)	31,830	32.5	0 (0, 0)	237,815	41.2	ref		ref
1	1 (1, 1)	16,095	16.4	1 (1, 1)	105,505	18.3	1.17	1.14–1.19	1.03	1.01–1.05
2	2 (2, 2)	10,875	11.1	2 (2, 2)	64,515	11.2	1.32	1.29–1.35	1.10	1.07–1.13
3	3 (3, 3)	7590	7.8	3 (3, 3)	40,695	7.1	1.48	1.44–1.52	1.19	1.15–1.22
4	5 (4, 6)	15,450	15.8	5 (4, 6)	73,125	12.7	1.70	1.66–1.74	1.32	1.29–1.35
5 (most frequent)	14 (10, 23)	16,035	16.4	12 (9, 19)	54,985	9.5	2.41	2.36–2.47	1.80	1.75–1.84

Antibiotic quintile	Study 2: death
	Case			Control			Crude model		Adjusted model^c
	Med (25th, 75th)^a	n^b	%	Med (25th, 75th)^a	n^b	%	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
No antibiotics	0 (0, 0)	10,845	48.6	0 (0, 0)	67,925	53.4	ref		ref
1	1 (1, 1)	3695	16.5	1 (1, 1)	22,060	17.3	1.05	1.01–1.10	1.01	0.97–1.06
2	2 (2, 2)	1980	8.9	2 (2, 2)	10,875	8.5	1.15	1.09–1.21	1.07	1.02–1.13
3	3 (3, 3)	1305	5.8	3 (3, 3)	6315	5.0	1.30	1.22–1.39	1.21	1.13–1.29
4	5 (4, 5)	1830	8.2	5 (4, 5)	8625	6.8	1.35	1.28–1.42	1.25	1.18–1.32
5 (most frequent)	13 (9, 28)	2680	12.0	13 (9, 24)	11,415	9.0	1.48	1.41–1.55	1.34	1.28–1.41

^a

Median (25th precentile, 75th percentile) of number of antibiotic prescriptions in each quintile group.

^b

The counts of patients were round to nearest 5 number in line with disclosure controls.

^c

Adjusted for ethnicity, BMI category, CCI group, smoking status, IMD, care home residents, COVID-19 and influenza vaccine.