Table 1.
Patient characteristics and laboratory results in the development, tuning, internal validation, and external validation sets.
| External validation set (n = 12857) | Internal validation set (n = 17364) | Development set (n = 53102) | Tuning set (n = 7073) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male) | 6187(48.1%) | 10088(58.1%) | 26051(49.1%) | 3266(46.2%) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 63.7 ± 15.4 | 52.8 ± 16.7 | 54.8 ± 16.7 | 60.4 ± 15.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 24.2 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.2 ± 20.3 | 126.3 ± 18.9 | 126.0 ± 20.4 | 128.4 ± 23.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 13.3 | 76.8 ± 12.7 | 76.3 ± 12.7 | 76.6 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| Disease history | |||||
| AMI | 250(1.9%) | 278(1.6%) | 439(0.8%) | 223(3.2%) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 3854(30.0%) | 3257(18.8%) | 6458(12.2%) | 1775(25.1%) | <0.001 |
| STK | 2033(15.8%) | 1411(8.1%) | 3029(5.7%) | 830(11.7%) | <0.001 |
| HF | 1566(12.2%) | 1349(7.8%) | 2083(3.9%) | 828(11.7%) | <0.001 |
| AF | 831(6.5%) | 644(3.7%) | 967(1.8%) | 428(6.1%) | <0.001 |
| DM | 4264(33.2%) | 3117(18.0%) | 8788(16.5%) | 1892(26.7%) | <0.001 |
| HTN | 7053(54.9%) | 5769(33.2%) | 14190(26.7%) | 3137(44.4%) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 3593(27.9%) | 2530(14.6%) | 7346(13.8%) | 1921(27.2%) | <0.001 |
| HLP | 7136(55.5%) | 7536(43.4%) | 16936(31.9%) | 2958(41.8%) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 4357(33.9%) | 3722(21.4%) | 8803(16.6%) | 1668(23.6%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory test | |||||
| GLU (mg/dL) | 117.3 ± 51.1 | 107.0 ± 38.3 | 107.6 ± 37.3 | 114.5 ± 43.7 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 130.6 ± 82.2 | 121.9 ± 75.7 | 122.7 ± 79.3 | 125.1 ± 75.5 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 176.9 ± 39.8 | 181.4 ± 38.2 | 181.7 ± 39.6 | 178.1 ± 40.7 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 105.0 ± 33.1 | 110.0 ± 32.6 | 109.4 ± 33.3 | 106.1 ± 34.3 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 50.7 ± 14.5 | 52.2 ± 14.2 | 52.7 ± 14.6 | 51.7 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 78.1 ± 27.0 | 89.7 ± 25.3 | 89.7 ± 24.4 | 80.3 ± 28.5 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 19.8 ± 13.9 | 16.8 ± 11.2 | 16.4 ± 10.0 | 19.4 ± 14.3 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.1 ± 22.1 | 23.2 ± 26.3 | 22.9 ± 21.0 | 23.9 ± 26.6 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.9 ± 26.9 | 24.0 ± 26.1 | 22.7 ± 24.3 | 22.5 ± 28.4 | <0.001 |
| Alb (g/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Hb (mg/dL) | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 13.6 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 12.8 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| WBC (103/μL) | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| PLT (103/μL) | 225.9 ± 79.3 | 234.5 ± 70.7 | 238.4 ± 75.9 | 231.2 ± 81.7 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.7 ± 3.3 | 1.2 ± 2.6 | 1.4 ± 2.9 | 1.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Na (mEq/L) | 138.6 ± 3.6 | 139.2 ± 3.0 | 139.1 ± 3.1 | 138.7 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| K (mEq/L) | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Cl (mEq/L) | 103.3 ± 4.0 | 103.3 ± 3.4 | 103.3 ± 3.5 | 103.3 ± 4.0 | 0.399 |
| Mg (mg/dL) | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
All the p values of the characteristics were <0.001, except chloride. The mean age ranged from 52.8 to 63.7 years.
AF: atrial fibrillation; Alb: albumin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Ca: calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; Cl: chloride; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLU: glucose; Hb: hemoglobin; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; HLP: hyperlipidemia; HTN: hypertension; K: potassium; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mg: magnesium; Na: sodium; PLT: platelet; SBP: systolic blood pressure; STK: stroke, TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; WBC: white blood cell count.