Table 4.

Case reports of RTHβ combined with GD.

	Authors	Year	Country	Age/gender	Clinical manifestations	Clinical course	TSH variations (μIU/mL)	Family history	THRB mutation	Treatment	Management and follow-up
1	Pillay et al. (25)	1986	South Africa	24/F (pregnant)	Signs of thyrotoxicosis, goiter, and exophthalmos	GD→RTHβ	N/A	Brother	N/A	Propranolol, ATD	Symptomatic control but biochemically remained hyperthyroid
2	Sato (26)	2010	Japan	34/F	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	RTHβ+ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis→GD	1.124→1.795	Father	P453T	ATD	Two years after cessation of ATD, GD remission
3	Sivakumar & Chaidarun (27)	2010	Lebanon	53/M	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	GD→RTHβ	0.2→31.5	No	G347W	131I ablation of the thyroid gland, L-T4	Recovery
4	Ogawa et al. (28)	2011	Japan	17/M	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	GD→RTHβ	<0.05→8.308	No	A234T	ATD	Thyroid function almost within the appropriate range, and GD near remission
5	Shiwa et al. (29)	2011	Japan	33/F	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	GD→RTHβ	0.007→107.7	N/A	G251R	ATD	GD remission
6	Ramos-Leví et al. (30)	2016	Spain	46/F	Signs of thyrotoxicosis, goiter, headache, and atrial fibrillation	RTHβ complicated with pituitary adenoma and GD	2.86→20	N/A	p.P453R	Cabergoline, ATD, 131I therapy, L-T4	Thyroid hormone still elevated but remained asymptomatic
7	Sun et al. (31)	2017	China	14/F	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	GD→RTHβ	0.037→75.52	Father	A THRB mutation in Exon 10	ATD, propranolol	Asymptomatic with slightly elevated FT3 and FT4 levels, and a normal TSH level
8	Akahori & Usuda (7)	2021	Japan	30/M	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and goiter	GD→RTHβ	<0.35→4.77	No	R282S	ATD	Thyroid hormone fluctuated after cessation of ATD but no signs of thyrotoxic symptoms
9	Case 4	2022	China	51/M	Signs of thyrotoxicosis and exophthalmos	GD→RTHβ	Less than detectable→>150	N/A	p.R383H	ATD, 131I therapy, L-T4, bromocriptine, octreotide, and desiccated thyroxine tablets	Recovery

ATD, antithyroid drugs; FT3, free tri-iodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; GD, Graves' disease; L-T4, levothyroxine; N/A, not available; RTHβ, resistance to thyroid hormone β; THRB, thyroid hormone receptor β; TRAb, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies; TRH, thyroid-stimulating hormone releasing hormone; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.