Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of study participants with and without long COVID.
| Characteristics | Total (%) (n = 939) | Participants with long COVID (%) (n = 745) | Participants without long COVID (%) (n = 194) | p-value (χ2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 212 (22.6) | 147 (19.7) | 65 (33.5) | |
| Female | 727 (77.4) | 598 (80.3) | 129 (66.5) | |
| Age (year) | 0.867 | |||
| 19–59 | 795 (84.7) | 632 (84.8) | 163 (84.0) | |
| ≥ 60 | 144 (15.3) | 113 (15.2) | 31 (16.0) | |
| Marital status | 0.021 | |||
| Single | 210 (22.4) | 153 (20.5) | 57 (29.4) | |
| Currently married | 649 (69.1) | 524 (70.3) | 125 (64.4) | |
| Widowed/separated | 80 (8.5) | 68 (9.1) | 12 (6.2) | |
| Education | 0.221† | |||
| Lower primary | 33 (3.5) | 28 (3.8) | 5 (2.6) | |
| Primary school | 326 (34.7) | 268 (36.0) | 58 (29.9) | |
| High school | 396 (42.2) | 311 (41.7) | 85 (43.8) | |
| Tertiary education | 184 (19.6) | 138 (18.5) | 46 (23.7) | |
| Occupation | 0.168 | |||
| Agricultural worker | 180 (19.2) | 153 (20.5) | 27 (13.9) | |
| Self-employed worker | 570 (60.7) | 446 (59.9) | 124 (63.9) | |
| Government employee | 41 (4.4) | 33 (4.4) | 8 (4.1) | |
| Private employee | 28 (3.0) | 19 (2.5) | 9 (4.6) | |
| Unemployed worker | 81 (8.6) | 66 (8.9) | 15 (7.7) | |
| Student | 39 (4.2) | 28 (3.8) | 11 (5.7) | |
| Monthly income (Thai baht) | 0.009 | |||
| ≤ 5,000 | 211 (22.5) | 183 (24.6) | 28 (14.4) | |
| 5,001–10,000 | 422 (44.9) | 335 (45.0) | 87 (44.8) | |
| 10,001–15,000 | 200 (21.3) | 145 (19.5) | 55 (28.4) | |
| 15,001–20,000 | 65 (6.9) | 49 (6.6) | 16 (8.2) | |
| > 20,000 | 41 (4.4) | 33 (4.4) | 8 (4.1) | |
| BMI | 0.014 | |||
| Underweight | 60 (6.4) | 44 (5.9) | 16 (8.2) | |
| Normal weight | 293 (31.2) | 217 (29.1) | 76 (39.2) | |
| Overweight (at risk) | 193 (20.6) | 156 (20.9) | 37 (19.1) | |
| Overweight (obese) | 393 (41.9) | 328 (44.0) | 65 (33.5) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 171 (18.2) | 143 (19.2) | 28 (14.4) | 0.154† |
| Diabetes | 110 (11.7) | 93 (12.5) | 17 (8.8) | 0.190 |
| Dyslipidemia | 34 (3.6) | 34 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 26 (2.8) | 18 (2.4) | 8 (4.1) | 0.296 |
| Allergy | 14 (1.5) | 14 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.087† |
| Any diseases | 304 (32.4) | 264 (35.4) | 40 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
† Fisher’s Exact test