Table 3.
Function of HSV-1-encoded miRNAs
| miRNAs | Targets | Validation method | Functions | Models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-H1-5p | ATRX | Western blotting Luciferase assay |
A component of ND, generated a repressive environment for viral gene expression | HEK-293 | [50] |
| SORT1 | Luciferase assay | Involvement in endocytic and intracellular trafficking pathways | HEK-293 | [49] | |
| Ubr1 | Western blotting Luciferase assay |
A RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase of the Arg/N-end rule pathway | HEK-293 SHSY5Y |
[73] | |
| ND | ND | Inhibition of viral yields in vitro and increased reactivation from latency | RS Neuro-2A |
[70] | |
| LIFR | Luciferase assay | Inhibition of HSV-1 entry and infection in host cells | HOK | [51] | |
| ATG16L1 | |||||
| TGFBR | |||||
| miR-H2-3p | ICP0 | Northern blotting | A key IE HSV-1 transcriptional activator and inhibitor of innate immune responses | HEK-293T | [29] |
| Western blotting | |||||
| ICP0 | Luciferase assay Western blotting |
HEK-239 | [61] | ||
| Neuro-2A | |||||
| NIH3T3 | |||||
| ICP0 | Western blotting | RS | [62, 63] | ||
| ICP0 | Western blotting | HEK-293T Vero | [64] | ||
| Neuro-2A | |||||
| DDX41 | Luciferase assay | A cytosolic DNA sensor, involved in the induction of IFNs | THP-1 | [52] | |
| Western blotting | |||||
| SMAD3 | Luciferase assay | Involvement in TGF-β/SMAD signaling | LX-2 | [76] | |
| SMAD4 | HEK-293T | ||||
| miR-H3-3p | ND | ND | The regulation of HSV-1 replication in neuronal cells | HEK-239 | [61] |
| Neuro-2A | |||||
| NIH3T3 | |||||
| SMAD4 | Luciferase assay | Involvement in TGF-β/SMAD signaling | LX-2 | [76] | |
| HEK-293T | |||||
| miR-H4-3p | ICP34.5 | Luciferase assay Western blotting |
A neurovirulence protein that inhibits innate immune responses | HEK-239 | [61] |
| Neuro-2A | |||||
| NIH3T3 | |||||
| miR-H4-5p | CDKN2A | Luciferase assay Western blotting | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | SHSY5Y | [77] |
| SMAD3 | Luciferase assay | Involvement in TGF-β/SMAD signaling | LX-2 | [76] | |
| HEK-293T | |||||
| miR-H6-3p | ICP4 | RNAse protection analysis | A transcription factor required for the expression of most HSV-1 genes during productive infection | HEK-293T | [29] |
| Western blotting | |||||
| ICP4 | Western blotting | HCE | [68] | ||
| ND | ND | Inhibition of viral yields in vitro and increased reactivation from latency | Murine Rabbit |
[70] | |
| RS | |||||
| Neuro-2A | |||||
| miR-H6-5p | ND | ND | Promotion of viral protein levels and virus yield | HEp-2 | [69] |
| miR-H8-5p | PIGT | FACS | GPI anchoring pathway involved in NK cells activation | BJAB | [53] |
| Luciferase assay | |||||
| ND | ND | Regulation of viral yields and viral DNA replication in cell culture | Murine Rabbit |
[71] | |
| RS | |||||
| Neuro-2A LUHMES |
|||||
| miR-H11-5p | ND | ND | Promotion of viral DNA and protein synthesis and viral yields and spreading | HEp-2 | [72] |
| miR-H18 | ND | ND | As a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer | Biological fluids | [78] |
| miR-H26 | ND | ND | Promotion of viral titer in the early stage of lytic infection | HEK-293 | [31] |
| miR-H27-3p | KLHL24 | GFP intensity assay Western blotting |
A cellular transcriptional repressor of viral genes | Vero | [32] |
| miR-H28 | ND | ND | Inducing production of IFN-γ, inhibition of viral spread, and replication | HEK-293T HEp-2 | [33, 54] |
| miR-H29 | ND | ND | Inhibition of viral spread and replication | HEK-293T | [33] |
| HEp-2 |
RS, rabbit skin; HOK, human oral keratinocytes; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; HCE, human cornea epithelial; LUHMES, Lund human mesencephalic.