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. 2023 Aug 1;14(4):1184–1195. doi: 10.14336/AD.2022.0913

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Copyright: © 2023 Świątkiewicz et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 1. — Major metabolic pathways of citicoline following ingestion. 1. Hydrolysis and dephosphorylation of citicoline occur in blood and yield choline and cytidine (in humans converted to uridine) that enter brain. 2. In the brain cytidine is activated by phosphorylation to cytidine-triphosphate (CTP). Choline, which concomitantly enters the brain, follows three major paths: 3. activation by phosphorylation to phosphocholine; 4. conversion to betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine); 5. conversion to acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter). 6. CTP and phosphocholine rejoin to yield CDP-choline, which 7. is used to synthesize phosphatidylcholine, utilized to support membrane integrity and myelin metabolism.