Table 1.

Converging lines of evidence for positive effects of citicoline on memory in cognitively normal middle aged and elderly humans.

Line of evidence	Main findings	References
Epidemiological/cohort studies	Reciprocal association between choline availability and memory efficacy	15, 16, 17, 20
Basic science/animal studies	Citicoline is the efficacious source of bioavailable choline and cytidine/uridine	5, 6
Human „proof of concept” studies	Citicoline supplementation improves brain MRS and MRI biomarkers	34, 35, 36, 37
Human intervention studies	Citicoline supplementation positively influences human memory	39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46