Table 5. Factors associated with the place of abortion (public, private, versus home) for abortion care utilization in women aged 15-49 years (unadjusted analysis).
RRR: Relative risk ratio; SC: Scheduled Caste; ST: Scheduled Tribe; OBC: Other Backward Caste
*Testparm p-value
| Variables | Public Facility | Private Facility | |||
| RRR (unadjusted) | P-value | RRR (unadjusted) | P- value | Overall p-value* | |
| Individual level | |||||
| Age | |||||
| ≤19 | Ref | Ref | |||
| 20-29 | 0.94 (0.46, 1.90) | 0.85 | 0.71 (0.46, 1.90) | 0.19 | |
| 30-39 | 1.31 (0.64, 2.70) | 0.42 | 0.86 (0.51, 1.44) | 0.57 | |
| ≥40 | 1.03 (0.35, 1.42) | 0.94 | 0.69 (0.36, 1.29) | 0.25 | 0.053 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Unmarried | Ref | ||||
| Married | 3.09 (0.99, 9.62) | 0.052 | 0.79 (0.34, 1.82) | 0.59 | |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 4.58 (1.04, 20.19) | 0.044 | 0.95 (0.29, 3.07) | 0.93 | 0.17 |
| Education attainment | |||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | |||
| Primary | 1.24 (0.86, 1.79) | 0.24 | 1.37 (0.64, 1.20) | 0.43 | |
| Secondary | 1.35 (1.02, 1.81) | 0.03 | 1.37 (1.09, 1.72) | 0.007 | |
| Higher | 1.45 (0.99, 2.13) | 0.055 | 2.90 (2.14, 3.93) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Husband's education | |||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | |||
| Primary | 1.40 (0.30, 6.48) | 0.66 | 0.53 (0.13, 2.16) | 0.38 | |
| Secondary | 0.70 (0.24, 2.02) | 0.51 | 0.59 (0.26, 1.35) | 0.21 | |
| Higher | 0.63 (0.18, 2.15) | 0.46 | 0.75 (0.28, 1.95) | 0.54 | 0.63 |
| Comprehensive women empowerment (N=911) | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.10 (0.65, 1.86) | 0.71 | 1.67 (1.05, 2.64) | 0.30 | 0.07 |
| Exposure to mass media | |||||
| No exposure | Ref | Ref | |||
| Any exposure | 1.08 (0.85, 1.35) | 0.53 | 1.67 (1.35, 2.04) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Domestic violence (N=753) | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.81 (0.48, 1.38) | 0.45 | 0.71 (0.45, 1.14) | 0.16 | 0.37 |
| Correct knowledge of ovulatory cycle | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) | 0.14 | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.28 | 0.32 |
| Distance to health facility a problem | |||||
| No problem | Ref | ||||
| Big problem | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.89 | 0.94 (0.76, 1.15) | 0.53 | |
| Not a big problem | 1.09 (0.87, 1.36) | 0.45 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.39 | 0.59 |
| Getting money for treatment | |||||
| No problem | Ref | Ref | |||
| Big problem | 1.21 (0.94, 1.56) | 0.14 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.98) | 0.03 | |
| Not a big problem | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.66 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92) | 0.005 | <0.001 |
| Household level | |||||
| Religion (N=5,821) | |||||
| Hindu | Ref | Ref | |||
| Muslim | 1.77 (1.29, 2.41) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) | 0.40 | |
| Other | 2.24 (1.49, 3.35) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.22, 2.61) | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| Caste (N=5,507) | |||||
| SC | 1.21 (0.89, 1.65) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.99) | |||
| ST | 1.42 (1.00, 2.01) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.83) | |||
| OBC | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.10) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Non-SC/ST/OBC | Ref | Ref | |||
| Household size | |||||
| <5 members | Ref | Ref | |||
| 5+ members | 0.74 (0.61, 0.91) | 0.003 | 0.86 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.012 |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | |||
| Poorer | 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) | 0.25 | 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) | 0.069 | |
| Middle | 1.43 (1.07, 1.92) | 0.01 | 2.24 (1.71, 2.94) | <0.001 | |
| Richer | 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) | 0.28 | 2.18 (1.66, 2.87) | <0.001 | |
| Richest | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.51 | 2.98 (2.25, 3.94) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Community level | |||||
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | |||
| Rural | 0.92 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.46 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.81) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Region | |||||
| North | Ref | Ref | |||
| Central | 0.53 (0.39, 0.70) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.15) | 0.43 | |
| East | 0.64 (0.47, 0.87) | 0.005 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.008 | |
| Northeast | 2.10 (1.55, 2.85) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.45, 0.83) | 0.002 | |
| West | 2.06 (1.28, 3.34) | 0.003 | 4.94 (3.18, 7.65) | <0.001 | |
| South | 4.21 (2.83, 6.27) | <0.001 | 5.74 (4.02, 8.19) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy characteristic | |||||
| Trimester | |||||
| First | Ref | Ref | |||
| Second | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | 0.93 | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | 0.18 | |
| Third | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 0.46 | 1.19 (0.95, 1.50) | 0.12 | 0.43 |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | Ref | ||||
| 1 | 0.50 (0.33, 0.76) | 0.001 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.69) | <0.001 | |
| >2 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.21, 0.42) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Abortion characteristics | |||||
| Reason for getting abortion (N=5,519) | |||||
| Therapeutic | Ref | Ref | |||
| Humanitarian and social | 0.16 (0.12, 0.22) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.14, 0.24) | <0.001 | |
| Sex selective | 0.27 (0.13, 0.57) | 0.001 | 0.47 (0.24, 0.92) | 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Method of abortion (N=5,619) | |||||
| Medicine | Ref | Ref | |||
| Surgical | 35.57 (22.79, 55.51) | <0.001 | 36.84 (24.00, 56.55) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Complications from abortion | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) | 0.28 | 1.26 (0.99, 1.61) | 0.057 | 0.16 |