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. 2023 Jul 31;8(8):1480–1494. doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01432-9

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Framework depicting how first (C1; blue) and second (C2; pink) carbon (C) positions of pyruvate from ¹³C1-pyruvate and ¹³C2-pyruvate, respectively, are expected to be allocated into CO₂ and biosynthetic (including VOCs) pathways. As indicated by the arrow thickness, we expect most C1 to be released as CO₂ during biosynthesis and TCA cycle, and C2 to be either released as CO₂ in the TCA cycle or used for biosynthesis of biomass and products. The difference in ¹³C-CO_2-C1 − ¹³C-CO_2-C2 approximates the total C allocation to biosynthesis, while the ratio ¹³C-CO_2-C1 / (¹³C-CO_2-C1 + ¹³C-CO_2-C2) approximates the proportion of internal C allocation to biosynthesis. *Some ¹³C from ¹³C1-pyruvate may end up in the TCA cycle due to anaplerotic CO₂ assimilation, which would lead to a slight overestimate in the proportion of C allocation to biosynthesis and overall C allocation to biosynthesis. Figure adapted with permission from refs. ^26,27, Elsevier.