Fig. 1.

Mechanism of action between CAP and planktonic bacteria. a Perforation of cell membrane induced by ROS and RNS. b Leakage of proteins and DNA in the cell through the pores. c Breakage of nucleotide chains caused by oxidative stress. d Modifications of proteins promote the formation of protein–protein cross-links. e Destruction of proteins structure induced by CAP. f Bacteria fight against ROS and RNS mainly through antioxidant enzymes. g Bacteria prevent the formation of protein–protein cross-links through head shock proteins. Black spots represent ROS and RNS in the CAP