Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) infections represent potentially costly comorbidities, with rates of acquisition that vary widely between nations.

Articles described VAP rates in Gulf Cooperation Council member states that varied widely by nation and time, with multi-year studies suggesting a trend of decreasing VAP rates over the last 10–15 years.

The most commonly reported organisms associated with HAP/VAP infections were multidrug-resistant species in the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella, although methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia were also commonly identified.

The high frequency of treatment-resistant bacterial pathogens represents a challenge to further improvement in managing these infections.