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. 2023 Jul 31;13:12344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39499-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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High fat high sugar diet-induced T2D mice exhibit obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia and diastolic function. (A) Body weight progression throughout the 20 week dietary intervention. Note, in some instances error bars are not discernible as they fall within symbol shapes. Analyzed by 1-way repeated measures ANOVA, annotated with LSD post hoc analyses. (B) Glucose tolerance test in T2D mice (11 weeks high fat high sugar diet). Note, in some instances error bars are not discernible as they fall within symbol shapes. Analyzed by 1-way repeated measures ANOVA, annotated with LSD post hoc analyses. (C) Blood glucose levels in T2D mice at study endpoint (20 weeks high fat high sugar diet). Analyzed by Students unpaired t-test. (D) Representative Doppler echocardiography traces for control and T2D mice. Upper panels, mitral valve pulse wave (blood flow) Doppler imaging. Lower panels, mitral annulus tissue Doppler imaging. (E) Ratio of pulse wave Doppler E wave to A wave amplitude in T2D mice (20 weeks high fat high sugar diet). Analyzed by Students unpaired t-test. (F) Ratio of mitral valve flow Doppler E wave to mitral annulus tissue Doppler e’ wave in T2D mice (20 weeks high fat high sugar diet). Analyzed by Students unpaired t-test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 8/group. *p < 0.05.