Table 2.
Clinical presentation at diagnosis of stage 3 type 1 diabetes in children previously diagnosed with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes in the Fr1da study compared with children diagnosed with incident type 1 diabetes in the DiMelli study who had not participated in prior screening
| Variable | Fr1da | DiMelli | Multivariate regression analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Median (IQR) or n (%) | n | Median (IQR) or n (%) | n | β estimate (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted p valuea | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 120 | 51 (45–67) | 667 | 91 (75–107) | 784 | −40.9 (−47.5, −34.3) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 120 | 6.8 (6.2–8.3) | 667 | 10.5 (9.0–11.9) | 784 | −3.7 (−4.3, −3.1) | <0.001 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 52 | 5.3 (4.6–6.4) | 697 | 7.2 (5.7–9.1) | 746 | −1.4 (−2.5, −0.3) | <0.05 | |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/l) | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 89 | 0.21 (0.15–0.33) | 681 | 0.10 (0–0.17) | 767 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.24) | <0.001 | |
| ≥0.2 nmol/l | 89 | 52 (58.4) | 681 | 128 (18.8) | 767 | 12.7 (5.7, 28.3) | <0.001 | |
| >0.075 nmol/l | 89 | 81 (91.0) | 681 | 409 (60.1) | 767 | 10.6 (4.3, 25.9) | <0.001 | |
| Insulin treatment | 119 | 86 (72.3) | 736 | 722 (98.1) | 851 | 0.02 (0.004, 0.07) | <0.05 | |
| Ketonuria (moderate/large) | 54 | 12 (22.2) | 690 | 541 (78.4) | 740 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.20) | <0.001 | |
| BMI-SDS | 64 | 0.05 (−0.77 to 0.77) | 731 | −0.63 (−1.47 to 0.23) | 791 | 0.61 (0.20, 1.02) | <0.01 | |
ap value from regression analysis, adjusted for sex, having a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes, age and calendar year at stage 3 diagnosis