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. 2023 Jul 18;17:1217987. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1217987

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Copyright © 2023 Pischiutta, Cavaleiro, Caruso, Tribuzio, Di Marzo, Moro, Kobeissy, Wang, Salgado and Zanier.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of TBI-induced astrocytic damage/activation 48 h after injury. (A) Representative confocal images of GFAP staining in CTRL slices and (B) in the lesion, perilesion and periphery of TBI slices. Since GFAP staining was uniform in CTRL slices throughout concentric areas, results are shown as the average of the 12 ROIs. (C) Quantification of the GFAP% stained area. (D) Levels of GFAP biomarker released in culture media. (E) Gene expression analysis of GFAP marker in cortical slices. Data are mean ± SEM. (C) One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, (D,E) t-test. ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. Bar = 50 μm.