FIGURE 6.

The integrated multi‐omics analysis on sleep deprivation. (A) The brief procedure and data for multi‐omics study in sleep deprivation. The blood sample obtained from 32 volunteers suffered sleep deprivation and recovery for plasma proteomics and metabolomics, PBMC transcriptomics analysis. After multi‐omics integration, the prominent biological pathway induced by sleep deprivation was immune disorders followed by metabolism disorders and neurodegenerative disease, and neutrophil degranulation was main account for the immune change. The detailed analysis showed that immune cell counts and inflammatory factor levels were elevated, and neutrophils and their mediated immune processes were highly coordinated with sleep states. The correlation analysis revealed that SOD1 and S100A8 were the most likely biomarkers of sleep deprivation‐induced immune changes. (B) The integration of proteomics and metabolomics, and the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites linked the pathway of arginine and proline metabolism, the TCA cycle. (C) The integration of proteomics and transcriptomics, and the shared top pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes and proteins are listed.