Skip to main content
. 2020 Nov;26(11):10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.11.1399. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.11.1399

TABLE 1.

Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

Characteristic/Category MarketScan (n = 181,423) Optum EMR Database (n = 84,759) Optum Integrated Database (n = 8,948)
Age, in years, n (%)
  0 to < 6 2,878 (1.6) 1,270 (1.5) 102 (1.1)
  6 to < 13 16,585 (9.1) 6,418 (7.6) 508 (5.7)
  13 to < 18 19,369 (10.7) 7,566 (8.9) 742 (8.3)
  18 to < 26 29,245 (16.1) 13,242 (15.6) 1,355 (15.1)
  26 to < 50 75,977 (41.9) 34,508 (40.7) 4,208 (47.0)
  50 to < 65 31,671 (17.5) 15,235 (18.0) 1,614 (18.0)
  ≥ 65 5,698 (3.1) 6,520 (7.7) 419 (4.7)
Gender, n (%)
  Male 96,275 (53.1) 44,703 (52.7) 4,710 (52.6)
  Female 85,148 (46.9) 39,979 (47.2) 4,233 (47.3)
  Unknown 0 (0.0) 77 (0.1) 5 (0.1)
Index date, year, n (%)
  2011 90,663 (50.0) 19,385 (22.9) 3,237 (36.2)
  2012 32,091 (17.7) 16,581 (19.6) 1,294 (14.5)
  2013 23,023 (12.7) 13,126 (15.5) 1,136 (12.7)
  2014 21,820 (12.0) 13,228 (15.6) 1,067 (11.9)
  2015 13,826 (7.6) 12,066 (14.2) 1,015 (11.3)
  2016 0 (0.0) 10,373 (12.2) 1,199 (13.4)
Race, n (%)
  White N/A 70,067 (82.7) 7,517 (84.0)
  African American N/A 6,540 (7.7) 368 (4.1)
  Asian N/A 626 (0.7) 53 (0.6)
  Other/unknown N/A 7,526 (8.9) 1,010 (11.3)
Ethnicity, n (%)
  Hispanic N/A 3,528 (4.2) 334 (3.7)
  Non-Hispanic N/A 72,346 (85.4) 7,103 (79.4)
  Unknown N/A 8,885 (10.5) 1,511 (16.9)
Geographic region, n (%)
  Northeast 31,854 (17.6) 8,653 (10.2) 915 (10.2)
  North Central/Midwest 44,838 (24.7) 38,233 (45.1) 3,291 (36.8)
  South 67,235 (37.1) 27,132 (32.0) 3,483 (38.9)
  West 33,011 (18.2) 7,184 (8.5) 888 (9.9)
  Unknown 4,485 (2.5) 3,557 (4.2) 371 (4.1)
Provider type at index, n (%)
  Endocrinologist 35,495 (19.6) 26,735 (31.5) 2,623 (29.3)
  Primary care physician 47,533 (26.2) 18,333 (21.6) 2,056 (23.0)
Provider type at index, n (%)
  Urgent care/emergency medicine/inpatient 16,604 (9.2) 13,142 (15.5) 294 (3.3)
  Other 81,791 (45.1) 26,549 (31.3) 3,975 (44.4)
Baseline continuous enrollment, in months
  Mean (SD) 8.2 (2.0) 10.6 (2.1) 8.2 (2.0)
  Median (IQR) 7.5 (6.0-12.0) 12.0 (6.0-12.0) 7.5 (6.0-12.0)
Available baseline HbA1c measure, n (%) 6,703 (3.7) 54,906 (64.8) 1,340 (15.0)
Baseline HbA1c, n (%)a
  < 6.0% 217 (3.2) 1,801 (3.3) 40 (3.0)
  6.0 to < 7.0% 1,160 (17.3) 8,000 (14.6) 218 (16.3)
  7.0 to < 8.0% 2,011 (30.0) 14,165 (25.8) 397 (29.6)
  8.0 to < 9.0% 1,432 (21.4) 12,130 (22.1) 319 (23.8)
  9.0 to < 10.0% 828 (12.4) 7,437 (13.5) 183 (13.7)
  10.0 to < 11.0% 433 (6.5) 4,286 (7.8) 80 (6.0)
  11.0 to < 12.0% 277 (4.1) 2,652 (4.8) 48 (3.6)
  12.0 to < 13.0% 144 (2.1) 1,765 (3.2) 25 (1.9)
  13.0 to < 14.0% 107 (1.6) 1,117 (2.0) 10 (0.7)
  ≥ 14.0 94 (1.4) 1,553 (2.8) 20 (1.5)
CCI score, n (%)
  1 132,483 (73.0) 60,995 (72.0) 6,188 (69.2)
  2 34,995 (19.3) 13,962 (16.5) 1,889 (21.1)
  3+ 13,945 (7.7) 9,802 (11.6) 871 (9.7)
Selected comorbidities, n (%)
  Any autoimmune thyroid disease 26,530 (14.6) 13,448 (15.9) 1,707 (19.1)
    Hyperthyroidism 1,650 (0.9) 856 (1.0) 119 (1.3)
    Hypothyroidism 23,024 (12.7) 11,888 (14.0) 1,505 (16.8)
    Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 3,831 (2.1) 1,636 (1.9) 217 (2.4)
  Hypertension 35,083 (19.3) 21,807 (25.7) 2,294 (25.6)
  Hyperlipidemia 47,728 (26.3) 24,095 (28.4) 3,125 (34.9)
  Depression 11,936 (6.6) 7,423 (8.8) 755 (8.4)
  Anxiety 10,296 (5.7) 5,653 (6.7) 723 (8.1)
  Celiac disease 1,988 (1.1) 1,004 (1.2) 104 (1.2)
  Asthma 6,333 (3.5) 3,730 (4.4) 303 (3.4)
  Limited joint mobility 2,830 (1.6) 997 (1.2) 180 (2.0)
  Osteoporosis/osteopenia 3,794 (2.1) 2,249 (2.7) 253 (2.8)
Diabetic complications, n (%)
  Diabetic ketoacidosis 13,401 (7.4) 6,192 (7.3) 593 (6.6)
  Hyperglycemia 109,056 (60.1) 38,015 (44.9) 4,699 (52.5)
  Hypoglycemia 20,561 (11.3) 7,665 (9.0) 1,024 (11.4)
  Any microvascular complications 39,667 (21.9) 14,971 (17.7) 2,830 (31.6)
    Diabetic neuropathy 14,064 (7.8) 7,234 (8.5) 1,478 (16.5)
    Diabetic retinopathy 26,624 (14.7) 8,065 (9.5) 1,584 (17.7)
    Diabetic nephropathy 8,438 (4.7) 4,130 (4.9) 1,140 (12.7)
  Any macrovascular complications 12,983 (7.2) 9,336 (11.0) 710 (7.9)
    Coronary heart disease 10,429 (5.7) 7,765 (9.2) 586 (6.5)
    Congestive heart failure 1,717 (0.9) 1,900 (2.2) 112 (1.3)
    Cerebrovascular disease 2,306 (1.3) 1,705 (2.0) 129 (1.4)
    Peripheral vascular disease 2,454 (1.4) 1,939 (2.3) 139 (1.6)
Baseline insulin useb
  Any insulin 160,790 (88.6) 63,891 (75.4) 7,856 (87.8)
    Rapid-acting insulin 147,437 (81.3) 54,068 (63.8) 7,294 (81.5)
    Short/intermediate-acting insulin 8,582 (4.7) 10,797 (12.7) 390 (4.4)
    Long-acting insulin 74,346 (41.0) 35,494 (41.9) 3,842 (42.9)
    Insulin combination 4,631 (2.6) 2,477 (2.9) 161 (1.8)
    Insulin administration procedurec 3,518 (1.9) 5,628 (6.6) 48 (0.5)
Other diabetic supplies and management
  Insulin pump and accessories 79,681 (43.9) 2,682 (3.2) 3,824 (42.7)
    Glucose test strips 100,659 (55.5) 27,350 (32.3) 5,848 (65.4)
    Glucose monitoring system 23,211 (12.8) 3,666 (4.3) 1,400 (15.6)
    Diabetes self-care managementd 67,684 (37.3) 23,596 (27.8) 3,587 (40.1)

a Proportion of HbA1c categories were calculated using the number of patients with available HbA1c data as the denominator.

b All patients in the study received insulin, since those patients who did not have a claim for insulin during the baseline period had 1 within 90 days of the index date.

c Insulin administration procedures are an administration of insulin during a medical visit.

d Diabetes self-care management represents a set of procedure codes that providers can use to bill for teaching patients how to check their blood glucose, take insulin, or perform similar activities. We suspected that these codes may be a way to identify patients who were newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; EMR = electronic medical record; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; IQR = interquartile range; N/A = not applicable; SD = standard deviation.