TABLE 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics Before Match
| Variables | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Cohort 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT-2i (n = 1,134) | oADM(n = 7,271) | P Value | GLP-1 RA (n = 1,072) | oADM (n = 7,271) | P Value | SGLT-2i (n = 1,134) | GLP-1 RA (n = 1,072) | P Value | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 55.0 (14.0) | 60.0 (20.0) | <0.001 | 55.0 (15.0) | 60.0 (20.0) | < 0.001 | 55.0 (14.0) | 55.0 (15.0) | 0.27 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 554 (48.9) | 3,501 (48.2) | 0.66 | 640 (57.9) | 3,501 (48.2) | < 0.001 | 554 (48.9) | 640 (59.7) | < 0.001 |
| Race | |||||||||
| White | 442 (39.0) | 3,863 (53.1) | < 0.001 | 433 (40.4) | 3,863 (53.1) | < 0.001 | 442 (39.0) | 433 (40.4) | 0.50 |
| Other | 106 (9.4) | 891 (12.3) | 0.005 | 106 (9.9) | 891 (12.3) | 0.03 | 106 (9.4) | 106 (9.9) | 0.67 |
| Unknown | 586 (51.7) | 2,517 (34.6) | < 0.001 | 533 (49.7) | 2,517 (34.6) | < 0.001 | 586 (51.7) | 533 (49.7) | 0.36 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| CCI score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (2.0) | 1.0 (2.0) | 0.7706 | 2.0 (2.0) | 1.0 (2.0) | 0.002 | 2.0 (2.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | 0.01 |
| CVD history | 148 (13.1) | 1,682 (23.1) | < 0.001 | 154.0 (14.4) | 1,682 (23.1) | < 0.001 | 148 (13.1) | 154.0 (14.4) | 0.37 |
| MI | 10 (0.9) | 145 (2.0) | < 0.001 | 12.0 (1.1) | 145 (2.0) | 0.049 | 10 (0.9) | 12.0 (1.1) | 0.57 |
| Stroke | 18 (1.6) | 252 (3.5) | < 0.001 | 16.0 (1.5) | 252 (3.5) | 0.001 | 18 (1.6) | 16.0 (1.5) | 0.86 |
| TIA | 17 (1.5) | 136 (1.9) | 0.38 | 15.0 (1.4) | 136 (1.9) | 0.28 | 17 (1.5) | 15.0 (1.4) | 0.84 |
| Unstable angina | 82 (7.2) | 987 (13.6) | < 0.001 | 73.0 (6.8) | 987 (13.6) | < 0.001 | 82 (7.2) | 73.0 (6.8) | 0.70 |
| Angina pectoris | 11 (1.0) | 140 (1.9) | 0.02 | 9.0 (0.8) | 140 (1.9) | 0.01 | 11 (1.0) | 9.0 (0.8) | 0.75 |
| Heart failure | 47 (4.1) | 702 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 62.0 (5.8) | 702 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 47 (4.1) | 62.0 (5.8) | 0.08 |
| PAD | 13 (1.2) | 179 (2.5) | 0.006 | 18.0 (1.7) | 179 (2.5) | 0.12 | 13 (1.2) | 18.0 (1.7) | 0.29 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12 (1.1) | 332 (4.6) | < 0.001 | 12.0 (1.1) | 332 (4.6) | < 0.001 | 12 (1.1) | 12.0 (1.1) | 0.89 |
| Hypertension | 898 (79.2) | 5,690 (78.3) | 0.48 | 875.0 (81.6) | 5,690 (78.3) | 0.01 | 898 (79.2) | 875.0 (81.6) | 0.15 |
| CKD | 48 (4.2) | 609 (8.4) | < 0.001 | 99.0 (9.2) | 609 (8.4) | 0.35 | 48 (4.2) | 99.0 (9.2) | < 0.001 |
| Microvascular disease | 649 (57.2) | 2,813 (38.7) | < 0.001 | 648.0 (60.5) | 2,813 (38.7) | < 0.001 | 649 (57.2) | 648.0 (60.5) | 0.13 |
| Dyslipidemia | 934 (82.4) | 5,041 (69.3) | < 0.001 | 838.0 (78.2) | 5,041 (69.3) | < 0.001 | 934 (82.4) | 838.0 (78.2) | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 508 (44.8) | 2,746 (37.8) | < 0.001 | 616.0 (5 7.5) | 2,746 (37.8) | < 0.001 | 508 (44.8) | 616.0 (57.5) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic medications | |||||||||
| Antidiabetic medications, n, median (IQR) | 2.0 (2.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 2.0 (2.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 2.0 (2.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Metformin | 908 (80.1) | 1,450 (19.9) | < 0.001 | 787.0 (73.4) | 1,450 (19.9) | < 0.001 | 908 (80.1) | 787.0 (73.4) | < 0.001 |
| DPP-4i | 358 (31.6) | 240 (3.3) | < 0.001 | 252.0 (23.5) | 240 (3.3) | < 0.001 | 358 (31.6) | 252.0 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
| SU | 581 (51.2) | 992 (13.6) | < 0.001 | 477.0 (44.5) | 992 (13.6) | < 0.001 | 581 (51.2) | 477.0 (44.5) | 0.002 |
| TZD | 104 (9.2) | 76 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 69.0 (6.4) | 76 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 104 (9.2) | 69.0 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Meglini tides | 11 (1.0) | 5 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 8.0 (0.8) | 5 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 11 (1.0) | 8.0 (0.8) | 0.57 |
| Insulin | 370 (32.6) | 484 (6.7) | < 0.001 | 442.0 (41.2) | 484 (6.7) | < 0.001 | 370 (32.6) | 442.0 (41.2) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular-related medications | |||||||||
| ACEi | 561 (49.5) | 2,706 (37.2) | < 0.001 | 511.0 (47.7) | 2,706 (37.2) | < 0.001 | 561 (49.5) | 511.0 (47.7) | 0.40 |
| ARB | 294 (25.9) | 1,297 (17.8) | < 0.001 | 316.0 (29.5) | 1,297 (17.8) | < 0.001 | 294 (25.9) | 316.0 (29.5) | 0.06 |
| Beta blocker | 305 (26.9) | 2,267 (31.2) | 0.004 | 324.0 (30.2) | 2,267 (31.2) | 0.53 | 305 (26.9) | 324.0 (30.2) | 0.08 |
| CCB | 230 (20.3) | 1,509 (20.8) | 0.72 | 248.0 (23.1) | 1,509 (20.8) | 0.07 | 230 (20.3) | 248.0 (23.1) | 0.10 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 361 (31.8) | 2,002 (27.5) | 0.003 | 396.0 (36.9) | 2,002 (27.5) | < 0.001 | 361 (31.8) | 396.0 (36.9) | 0.01 |
| Loop diuretic | 85 (7.5) | 812 (11.2) | 0.002 | 110.0 (10.3) | 812 (11.2) | 0.38 | 85 (7.5) | 110.0 (10.3) | 0.02 |
| Nitrate | 45 (4.0) | 347 (4.8) | 0.23 | 52.0 (4.9) | 347 (4.8) | 0.91 | 45 (4.0) | 52.0 (4.9) | 0.31 |
| Anticoagulant | 29 (2.6) | 333 (4.6) | 0.002 | 24.0 (2.2) | 333 (4.6) | < 0.001 | 29 (2.6) | 24.0 (2.2) | 0.63 |
| Antiplatelet | 82 (7.2) | 453 (6.2) | 0.20 | 85.0 (7.9) | 453 (6.2) | 0.04 | 82 (7.2) | 85.0 (7.9) | 0.54 |
| Statin | 786 (69.3) | 3,447 (47.4) | < 0.001 | 708.0 (66.0) | 3,447 (47.4) | < 0.001 | 786 (69.3) | 708.0 (66.0) | 0.10 |
| A1c | |||||||||
| A1c, median (IQR) | 8.8 (1.9) | 7.6 (2.1) | < 0.001 | 8.4 (1.9) | 7.6 (2.1) | < 0.001 | 8.8 (1.9) | 8.4 (1.9) | 0.02 |
| Patients with A1c results available | 334 (29.5) | 2,564 (36.3) | < 0.001 | 304.0 (28.4) | 2,564 (35.3) | < 0.001 | 334 (29.5) | 304.0 (28.4) | 0.57 |
Note: Data are reported as n (%) unless otherwise stated. P values in bold indicated statistical significance.
A1c = hemoglobin A1c; ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DPP-4i = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1 RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; IQR = interquartile range; oADM = other antidiabetic medication; MI = myocardial infarction; PAD = peripheral artery disease; SGLT-2i = sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; SU = sulfonylurea; TIA = transient ischemic attack; TZD = thiazolidinedione.