TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics in Matched Cohortsa
| TRD Cohort n = 2,317 | Non-TRD MDD Cohort n = 2,317 | Std Diff, % | Non-MDD Cohort n = 2,317 | Std Diff, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD (median) | 47.6 ± 12.0 (50) | 47.3 ± 12.3 (50) | 2.1 | 47.7 ± 12.0 (50) | 1.4 |
| Female, n (%) | 1,463 (63.1) | 1,501 (64.8) | 3.4 | 1,445 (62.4) | 1.6 |
| Year of index date, n (%) | |||||
| 2010 | 302 (13.0) | 308 (13.3) | 0.8 | 334 (14.4) | 4.0 |
| 2011 | 532 (23.0) | 565 (24.4) | 3.4 | 543 (23.4) | 1.1 |
| 2012 | 423 (18.3) | 447 (19.3) | 2.7 | 414 (17.9) | 1.0 |
| 2013 | 344 (14.8) | 318 (13.7) | 3.2 | 302 (13.0) | 5.2 |
| 2014 | 295 (12.7) | 287 (12.4) | 1.0 | 306 (13.2) | 1.4 |
| 2015 | 238 (10.3) | 224 (9.7) | 2.0 | 232 (10.0) | 0.9 |
| 2016 | 183 (7.9) | 168 (7.3) | 2.4 | 186 (8.0) | 0.5 |
| Geographic region, n (%) | |||||
| South | 812 (35.0) | 824 (35.6) | 1.1 | 837 (36.1) | 2.3 |
| Midwest | 578 (24.9) | 552 (23.8) | 2.6 | 534 (23.0) | 4.4 |
| Northeast | 495 (21.4) | 505 (21.8) | 1.0 | 512 (22.1) | 1.8 |
| West | 303 (13.1) | 303 (13.1) | 0 | 305 (13.2) | 0.3 |
| Unknown | 129 (5.6) | 133 (5.7) | 0.7 | 129 (5.6) | 0 |
| Type of health care plan, n (%) | |||||
| Preferred provider organization | 1,710 (73.8) | 1,703 (73.5) | 0.7 | 1,722 (74.3) | 1.2 |
| Point of service plan | 320 (13.8) | 335 (14.5) | 1.9 | 320 (13.8) | 0 |
| Indemnity plan (i.e., fee for service) | 236 (10.2) | 234 (10.1) | 0.3 | 224 (9.7) | 1.7 |
| Other health care plan | 51 (2.2) | 45 (1.9) | 1.8 | 51 (2.2) | 0 |
| Relationship to health care plan holder, n (%) | |||||
| Employee | 1,324 (57.1) | 1,375 (59.3) | 4.5 | 1,406 (60.7) | 7.2 |
| Available work loss data | 278 (12.0) | 278 (12.0) | 0 | 278 (12.0) | 0 |
| Spouse | 805 (34.7) | 745 (32.2) | 5.5 | 764 (33.0) | 3.7 |
| Child | 186 (8.0) | 194 (8.4) | 1.3 | 144 (6.2) | 7.1 |
| Other/unknown | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 1.3 | 3 (0.1) | 1.3 |
| Quan-CCI, 21 mean ± SD (median) | 0.9 ± 1.3 (1) | 0.8 ± 1.3 (0) | 4.7 | 0.8 ± 1.2 (0) | 10.0 |
| Number of unique agents, mean ± SD (median) | |||||
| AD agents | 1.8 ± 0.8 (2) | 1.1 ± 0.6 (1) | 104.1 | – | – |
| Psychiatric agentsb | 3.2 ± 1.5 (3) | 1.7 ± 1.1 (1) | 116.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (0) | 289.7 |
| Key physical conditions, n (%) | 2,317 (100.0) | 2,317 (100.0) | 0 | 2,317 (100.0) | 0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1,216 (52.5) | 1,183 (51.1) | 2.9 | 1,206 (52.1) | 0.9 |
| Metabolic diseases | 1,116 (48.2) | 1,114 (48.1) | 0.2 | 1,106 (47.7) | 0.9 |
| Respiratory diseases | 381 (16.4) | 371 (16.0) | 1.2 | 381 (16.4) | 0 |
| Cancer | 221 (9.5) | 208 (9.0) | 1.9 | 229 (9.9) | 1.2 |
| Key behavioral health conditions, n (%) | 995 (42.9) | 630 (27.2) | 33.5 | 80 (3.5) | 105.9 |
| Anxiety | 854 (36.9) | 546 (23.6) | 29.3 | 43 (1.9) | 98.8 |
| Substance use disorder | 263 (11.4) | 124 (5.4) | 21.8 | 37 (1.6) | 40.4 |
| Total health care costs, 2017 USD, per patient per year, mean ± SD (median) | 30,039 ± 70,215 (11,271) | 20,247 ± 58,084 (6,021) | 15.2 | 12,622 ± 42,994 (2,827) | 29.9 |
| Medical costs | 25,262 ± 67,882 (6,750) | 17,152 ± 56,192 (3,518) | 13.0 | 10,738 ± 42,063 (1,552) | 25.7 |
| Pharmacy costs | 4,777 ± 12,529 (2,155) | 3,094 ± 9,887 (956) | 14.9 | 1,884 ± 6,514 (318) | 29.0 |
| Follow-up time, months, mean ± SD (median) | 19.7 ± 6.1 (24) | 20.5 ± 5.6 (24) | 13.8 | 19.8 ± 5.9 (24) | 2.5 |
a Patients were matched on exact matching factors (i.e., availability of work loss data) and the propensity score (the probability of being in the TRD cohort vs. the non-TRD MDD or non-MDD cohort), modeled using logistic regression adjusted for categoric age, sex, year of the index date, each key physical health condition, geographic region, and type of health care plan.
b Includes antidepressants as well as anxiolytics, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, psychostimulants, thyroid hormone (T3), and lithium.
AD = antidepressant; MDD = major depressive disorder; Quan-CCI = Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index; SD = standard deviation; Std Diff = standardized difference; TR D = treatment-resistant depression; USD = U.S. dollars.