Table 1.

AMS parameters and timing for use in the ICU.

Timing	Parameters*
Before treatment	Know national guidelines and local resistance rates Evaluate patient-specific factors (catheter use, immunosuppression, colonization, etc.) Evaluate possible pathogens Do not use antibiotics as a treatment tool for high fever Shorten the time to diagnosis
During treatment	Consider pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties Provide source control Daily assessment of clinical symptoms and culture results of infection Discontinue antibiotics at the appropriate time and de-escalation
After treatment	Use automatic early warning systems Cooperate and communicate

AMS: Antimicrobial stewardship.

^⁎The infection control procedures should be followed, and the feedback should be provided during these processes.