Table 4.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and dosing of antibiotics commonly used in the ICU.

Antibiotic	Pharmacodynamic	Pharmacokinetics	Dosing (with normal hepatic and renal function)
Piperacillin/tazobactam	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	4.5 g every 6 h
Ceftazidime	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	6 g every 24 h
Cefepime	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	2 g every 8 h
Aztreonam	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	1 g (2 g) every 8 h
Meropenem	T > MIC	Renal clearance	1 g (2 g) every 8 h
Tigecycline	AUC/MIC	Hepatic and renal clearance	100–200 mg loading dose, then 50–100 mg every 12 h
entamicin	Cmax/MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	7 mg/kg/day every 24 h
Amikacin	Cmax/MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	25–30 mg/kg/day every 24 h
Colistin	AUC/MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	9 MU loading dose, then 4.5 MU every 8–12 h
Fosfomycin	AU/MIC for Gram negatives,  T > MIC for Gram Positives	Hydrophilic, hepatic clearance	4–6 g every 6 h CI
Vancomycin	AUC/MIC	Renal clearance	15–30 mg/kg loading dose, then 30–60 mg/kg every 12 h
Linezolid	AUC/MIC	Lipophilic, hepatic clearance	600 mg every 12 h
eftaroline	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	600 mg q12 h, IV
Ceftobiprole	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	500 mg q8 h IV
Ceftazidime/avibactam	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	2.5 g q8 h IV
Ceftolozane/tazobactam	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	1.5 g q8 h/3 g q8 h
Meropenem/vaborbactam	T > MIC	Hydrophilic, renal clearance	2 g/2 g q8 h

AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; ICUs: Intensive care units; IV: Intravenousinjection; MIC: Minimum inhibitor concentration; T: Time.