Table 5.

Some AMS protocols used in ICUs and their outcomes.

Study	ICU	AMS protocols	Outcomes
Johansson et al., 2011[87]	General ICU	Antimicrobial consumption Hygiene precautions	Improvement in antibiotic use
Hou et al., 2014[88]	General ICU	Antimicrobial consumption Antibiotic stop-order	Reduced antibiotic consumption Significantly improved antibiotic resistance
Ruiz et al., 2017[89]	Medical ICU	Antimicrobial consumption Feedback	Reduced antimicrobial use
Kitano et al., 2019[90]	Neonatal	Daily antimicrobial management Antibiotic stop-order Weekend report of blood culture result	Significantly reduced antimicrobial prescriptions
Jones et al., 2019[91]	Pediatric ICU	Piperacillin–tazobactam consumption AMS team Positive feedback	Broad-spectrum antimicrobial consumption
Devchand et al., 2019[92]	Mixed medico-surgical ICU	Electronic medical records 5 “moments” of antimicrobial prescribing (escalation, de-escalation, discontinuation, switch, and optimization)	High clinician compliance with recommendations Improved rates of choosing the right antibiotic
Quirós et al., 2022[93]	Multicenter, medical ICU	Antimicrobial consumption, appropriateness of antimicrobial treatments, crude mortality, and MDR-resistant microorganisms in healthcare-associated infections	Significant improvement in antimicrobial utilization

AMS: Antimicrobial stewardship; ICUs: Intensive care units; MDR: multidrug-resistant.