Table 3.

Electrocatalytic C-N coupling systems and their reaction parameters

Catalyst	Product	Media	C and N sources	Gas flow rates	Key intermediates	FE %	Operating potential V vs. RHE	Partial current density mA cm−2	Total current density mA cm−2	Byproducts	Yield rate	Configuration	Reference
Pd1Cu1/TiO2-400	Urea	1M KHCO3	CO2, N2 (1:1)	30 mL min−1	∗COOH, ∗N2	8.92	−0.4	3.6	∼15	CO, H2, NH3	3.36 mmol g−1h−1	GDE	Chen et al., 202020
Bi-BiVO4	Urea	0.1M KHCO3	CO2, N2	N/A	∗COOH, ∗N2	12.55	−0.4	0.2	N/A	CO, H2, NH3	5.91 mmol g−1h−1	H-CELL	Yuan et al., 202125
Cu-GS-800	Urea	0.1 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	N/A	∗CO, ∗NH2	28	−0.9	N/A	27	NH3, CO, HCOOH	1840 μg h−1 mg−1cat	H-CELL	Leverett et al., 202226
F-CNT-300	Urea	0.1 M KNO3	CO2, NO3−	30 mL min−1	∗CO, ∗NH2	18	−0.65	0.3	N/A	NH3	6.36 mmol h−1 g−1cat.	H-CELL	Liu et al., 202210
Cu@Zn Nanowires	Urea	0.2 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	20 mL min−1	∗CO, ∗NH2	9.28	−1.02	∼3	N/A	NH4+, NO2−, CO, H2, N2	7.29 μmol cm−2 h−1	H-CELL	Meng et al., 202227
VO-InOOH	Urea	0.1 M KNO3	CO2, NO3−	20 mL min−1	∗CO2, ∗NO2	51	−0.5	N/A	N/A	NH3, H2, NO2, CO	592.5 μg h−1 mg−1cat	H-CELL	Lv et al., 202221
(Fe(a)@C-Fe3O4/CNTs	Urea	0.1 M KNO3	CO2, NO3−	N/A	∗CO, ∗NH2	16.5 ± 6.1	−0.65	N/A	∼4	NH3, NO2,	1341.3 ± 112.6 μg h−1 mg−1cat	H-CELL	Geng et al., 202328
Ru-Cu CF	Urea	0.1 M KNO3	CO2, NO3−	20 mL min−1	∗COOH, ∗NH2	25.4	−0.13	N/A	∼10	NH4+, NO2−, HCOOH, CO	151.6 μg h−1 cm−2	H-CELL	Qin et al., 202229
Cu-TiO2-Vo	Urea	0.2 M KHCO3	CO2, NO2−	N/A	∗CO, ∗NH2	43.10	−0.4 V	N/A	∼8	NH3, N2, CH4, CO, H2	20.8 lmol	H-CELL	Cao et al., 202030
XC72R-AuPd	Urea	0.075 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	N/A	∗CO, ∗NO	15.60	−0.4 V	N/A	N/A	NH3, CO, H2, NO2−, NH2OH	204.2 μg·mg−1·h−1	H-CELL	Wang et al., 202218
B-FeNi-DASC	Urea	0.1 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	30 mL min−1	∗COOH, ∗NH	17.80	−1.5 V	N/A	∼42	CO, NH3	20.2 mmol h−1g−1	H-CELL	Zhang et al., 202231
Vo-CeO2-750	Urea	0.1 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	50 mL min−1	∗CO, ∗NO	1	−1.6V	N/A	∼40	NH3	943.6 mg g−1 ·h−1	H-CELL	Wei et al., 202232
In(OH)3-S	Urea	0.1 M KNO3	CO2, NO3−	20 mL min−1	∗CO2, ∗NO2	53.40	−0.6 V	0.3	N/A	NH3, CO, HCOOH	533.1 μg h−1 mg −1cat	H-CELL	Lv et al., 202121
CoPc-NH2/CNT	CH3NH2	0.1 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	N/A	∗HCHO, ∗NH2OH	13	−0.92 V	3.4	∼20	H2, CO, CH3OH,NO2,NH2OH,NH3,CH2 = NOH,CH3NHOH	N/A	H-CELL	Wu et al., 202123
OD Cu	CH3CH2NH2	1 M KHCO3	CO2, NO3−	N/A	∗CH3CHO, ∗NH2OH	0.30	−1 V	0.26	70	H2, CH4, CO, C2H4	N/A	H-CELL	Tao et al., 202233
Cu-Hg	Glycine	15 wt % H2SO4	Oxalic acid NO3−	N/A	∗OHCCOOH, ∗NH2OH	43	−1.2 V	39	90	glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, H2	45.5% oxalic acid transformed to glycine	H-CELL	Kim et al., 202134
Cu	CH3CONH2	1 M KOH	CO and NH3	5 mL min−1 10 mL min−1	∗C=C=O, NH3	38	−0.68 V	114	∼300	n-propanol, acetate, ethanol, ethylene, H2	N/A	GDE	Jouny et al., 201935
Pt	CH3CONH2	0.5M NaHCO3	CH3OH, NH3	N/A	∗CH2O, NH3	40.39	N/A	N/A	100	HCOO−	50 μmol cm−2 h−1	Membrane-free cell	Meng et al., 202227